Sphingolipids and Membrane Domains: Recent Advances
There is growing evidence that cell membranes can contain domains with different lipid and protein compositions and with different physical properties. Furthermore, it is increasingly appreciated that sphingolipids play a crucial role in the formation and
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Contents 1 Membrane Physical State and Membrane Domain Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Growing Evidence for Rafts in Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Raft Formation Principles from Model Membrane Studies: Domain Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Raft Formation Principles from Model Membrane Studies: Evidence that Detergent Does not Induce Raft Formation . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Raft Formation Principles from Model Membrane Studies: Role of Lipid Asymmetry in Domain Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Effect of Sphingolipid Structure on Domain Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract There is growing evidence that cell membranes can contain domains with different lipid and protein compositions and with different physical properties. Furthermore, it is increasingly appreciated that sphingolipids play a crucial role in the formation and properties of ordered lipid domains (rafts) in cell membranes. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of ordered membrane domains in both cells and model membranes. In addition, how the structure of sphingolipids influences their ability to participate in the formation of ordered domains, as well as how sphingolipid structure alters ordered domain properties, is described. The diversity of sphingolipid structure is likely to play an important role in modulating the biologically relevant properties of “rafts” in cell membranes. Keywords Rafts • Domains • Sphingolipids • Ceramide • Cholesterol
S. Chiantia • E. London (*) Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA e-mail: [email protected] E. Gulbins and I. Petrache (eds.), Sphingolipids: Basic Science and Drug Development, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 215, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1368-4_2, # Springer-Verlag Wien 2013
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S. Chiantia and E. London
1 Membrane Physical State and Membrane Domain Formation Phospholipids and sphingolipids can form bilayers that exist in either a tightly packed solid-like (gel) state or a loosely packed fluid (liquid disordered, Ld) state (London 2005). For vesicles composed of a specific lipid, the gel state melts to form the Ld state above a characteristic melting temperature (Tm). In mixtures of high-Tm lipids (e.g., natural sphingolipids, which easily form a tightly packed, ordered state due to having saturated acyl chains and no cis double bonds) and lowTm lipids (natural phospholipids which generally
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