Spirulina inclusion levels in a broiler ration: evaluation of growth performance, gut integrity, and immunity
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Spirulina inclusion levels in a broiler ration: evaluation of growth performance, gut integrity, and immunity Sarzamin Khan 1 & Muhammad Mobashar 2 & Farid Khan Mahsood 1 & Shahbaz Javaid 3 Haq Ammanullah 5 & Asif Mahmood 6
&
A. A. Abdel-Wareth 4 &
Received: 3 June 2019 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Spirulina has been used as a food source from many years for human and animals because of its superior profile of nutrition. Spirulina (SPA) having antiviral activities can boost immune system, and better nutritional profile can increase growth performance by improving gut morphology. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of spirulina supplementation in ration on the humoral and cellular immune response, gut histomorphology, and economics of broiler production. A total of 120 day-old chicks were assigned to 4 dietary treatment; SPA0, SPA1, SPA2, and SPA3, each with 3 replicates having 10 birds in each replicate until 42 days of age. Treatment SPA0 was kept as control, and the birds were fed on basal ration, while the other treatments SPA1, SPA2, and SPA3 were supplemented with 1, 1.5, and 2 g spirulina/kg feed, respectively. Dietary supplementation of SPA3 significantly (P < 0.05) improved feed intake (8.95%), weight gain (12.5%), feed conversion ratio, and dressing percentage than that of control. Dietary treatment of SPA had comparatively low level of heterophil and higher level of lymphocytes than the control treatment. Spirulina supplementation had significant (P < 0.05) effect over antibody titer, against ND vaccine. The supplementation of SPA in diet at all levels has a significant effect on lengths of villi, and it increased number of goblet cells. The SPA3 showed significant increase in net and gross return of birds followed by SPA2, SPA1, and SPA0. It was concluded that spirulina improved growth performance, gut integrity, and immunity with better economics in broiler production. Keywords Histomorphology . Immunity . Performance . Spirulina . Broilers
Introduction Spirulina platensis, blue-green algae, has been used as a food source from hundreds of years for human and animals because * Shahbaz Javaid [email protected] 1
Department of Poultry Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
2
Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
3
Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, PARC, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
4
Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
5
Department of Animal Health, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
6
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
of its superior profile of nutrition and high carotenoid content. The protein content of spirulina is ranged from 55 to 65%, including essential amino acid profile (Velten et al. 2018). Energy and phosphorus contents of spirulina (SPA) are 2.5– 3.29 kcal and 41% per gra
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