State of the Art
Contemporary engineering sciences are strictly related to the broad application of computer technologies and methods. The finite difference method (FDM), the boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM) are the most popular computatio
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State of the Art
Contemporary engineering sciences are strictly related to the broad application of computer technologies and methods. The finite difference method (FDM), the boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM) are the most popular computational methods. The FEM is certainly the most widely used, which is proven by the numerous computing systems based on this method that are applied in engineering practice. Attempts are being made to model not only changes occurring within the material being processed, but also within the forming tool, which enables a final product of very good quality to be obtained. Such attempts are possible, first and foremost, thanks to the use of mathematical modelling for the occurring physical phenomena. Mathematical models combined with the finite element method provide great possibilities for the modelling of metal deformation processes even for complicated shapes of the deformation zone and complex thermal conditions [23, 69, 88]. They may also be applied for effects that occur during the semi-solid steel deformation process. In actual metal working processes, a number of effects occur in parallel, such as the metal flow, metal temperature changes, heat generation as a result of plastic deformation work, friction force work, heat discharge as a result of contact between the metal deformed and the tool, or heat discharge to the environment by radiation and convection. For hot plastic working, the metal mechanical properties considerably depend on the temperature. A substantial irregularity of deformation in some processes leads to uneven heat generation, and consequently to an uneven structure and metal properties. In addition, the contact of the hot metal with a cold tool causes that high temperature gradients develop in the vicinity of the contact surface [69]. Phase transformations, both in the liquid and the solid state, are additional, temperature dependent factors which may influence the process. They may significantly influence both the deformation resistance and the grain size, as well as the metal properties after the plastic working. At present, there are many mathematical models and computer simulation programmes for processes occurring within the temperature range typical of the cold and hot working. An example of a solution, assuming a rigid-plastic model of the body deformed, may be found in publications concerning rolling © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 M. Hojny, Modeling Steel Deformation in the Semi-Solid State, Advanced Structured Materials 47, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40863-7_2
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[25–27], upsetting [24, 89], or drawing [104]. Only in recent years have solutions to the semi-solid deformation problem appeared in literature. They primarily concern non-ferrous metals and their alloys [1, 2, 8–11, 15, 17, 22, 40, 42, 44, 46, 52–56, 59–61, 66, 68, 74, 77, 90, 94, 99, 102, 111, 112, 114, 118–120]. The authors of these papers considered a number of aspects related to the deformation of samples with various con
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