State of the Art of CT Detectors and Sources: A Literature Review
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ADVANCES IN CT IMAGING (NJ PELC, SECTION EDITOR)
State of the Art of CT Detectors and Sources: A Literature Review Efrat Shefer • Ami Altman • Rolf Behling • Raffy Goshen Lev Gregorian • Yalon Roterman • Igor Uman • Naor Wainer • Yoad Yagil • Oren Zarchin
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Published online: 1 February 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract The three CT components with the greatest impact on image quality are the X-ray source, detection system and reconstruction algorithms. In this paper, we focus on the first two. We describe the state-of-the-art of CT detection systems, their calibrations, software corrections and common performance metrics. The components of CT detection systems, such as scintillator materials, photodiodes, data acquisition electronics and anti-scatter grids, are discussed. Their impact on CT image quality, their most important characteristics, as well as emerging future technology trends for each, are reviewed. The use of detection for multi-energy CT imaging is described. An overview of current CT X-ray sources, their evolution to support major trends in CT imaging and future trends is provided. Keywords CT detection systems CT sources Detection based spectral CT CT detection components
E. Shefer (&) Philips Healthcare, 595 Miner Road, Cleveland, OH 44143, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. Altman R. Goshen L. Gregorian Y. Roterman I. Uman N. Wainer Y. Yagil O. Zarchin Philips Healthcare, Advanced Technology Center, MATAM, Philips Building 34, P.O. Box 325, 31004 Haifa, Israel A. Altman e-mail: [email protected] R. Goshen e-mail: [email protected] L. Gregorian e-mail: [email protected] Y. Roterman e-mail: [email protected]
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Introduction Over the last two decades, CT detection and source technologies evolved to support three major CT imaging trends [1–4]: increasing number of slices, increased speed of acquisition and dose reduction. Solid-state detectors, segmented into detector elements arrays, were the main enabler for the emergence of multislice CT scanners. CT sources evolved to support larger coverage per rotation. In order to enable increased speed of acquisition, X-ray sources were required to support greater accelerations and increased peak power while the detections systems evolved to support shorter integration periods. Finally, over the last few years, the emergence of iterative reconstruction is driving the use of low and ultra-low dose acquisition. This has a direct impact on the need for a lower noise floor in the detection systems.
I. Uman e-mail: [email protected] N. Wainer e-mail: [email protected] Y. Yagil e-mail: [email protected] O. Zarchin e-mail: [email protected] R. Behling Philips Medical Systems DMC GmbH, P.O. Box 103, Room A412, Roentgenstrasse 24, 22335 Hamburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
Curr Radiol Rep (2013) 1:76–91
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State of the Art CT Detectors Current Detector Designs Most manufacturers share a common detector design. The compact design has three essen
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