State of the art of friction modelling at interfaces subjected to elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL)
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ISSN 2223-7690 CN 10-1237/TH
REVIEW ARTICLE
State of the art of friction modelling at interfaces subjected to elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) Zhuming BI 1, *, Donald W. MUELLER 1, Chris W. J. ZHANG 2 1
Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5A9, Canada
Received: 24 May 2020 / Revised: 14 July 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020
© The author(s) 2020. Abstract: Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is a type of fluid-film lubrication where hydrodynamic behaviors at contact surfaces are affected by both elastic deformation of surfaces and lubricant viscosity. Modelling of contact interfaces under EHL is challenging due to high nonlinearity, complexity, and the multi-disciplinary nature. This paper aims to understand the state of the art of computational modelling of EHL by (1) examining the literature on modeling of contact surfaces under boundary and mixed lubricated conditions, (2) emphasizing the methods on the friction prediction occurring to contact surfaces, and (3) exploring the feasibility of using commercially available software tools (especially, Simulia/Abaqus) to predict the friction and wear at contact surfaces of objects with relative reciprocating motions. Keywords: elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL); lubricant rheology; finite element analysis (FEA); friction prediction; Simulia/Abaqus; surface roughness; coefficient of friction (CoF)
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Introduction
A machine transfers the motion and force from input to output component. Therefore, relative motions exist among parts or components in implementing motion transformations. The surface contact of two parts with a relative motion involves the friction force and wear over parts. The tribological behaviors of the parts such as bearings and seals affected the efficiency and reliability of machines [1, 2], and the failure mode of excessive wear at sliding contact was one of the most pervasive surface failure modes of machine elements [3]. In addition, Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is a type of fluid-film lubrication where hydrodynamic behaviors at contact surfaces are affected by both elastic deformations of surfaces and lubricant viscosity. The EHL lubrication conditions existed in many critical applications such as highly *Corresponding author: Zhuming BI, E-mail: [email protected]
stress gears, bearings, cams, and soft-bearing elements including elastomeric bearings, seals, and synovial joints [4]. Furthermore, there are studies on using friction as an active role in the device, e.g., inertiafriction actuation principle [5−10]. There are studies on complex dynamics involving friction, e.g., in the medical device [11, 12]. Friction causes wear and damage of two contacting parts with a relative motion. Wear refers to the material loss at the contact surface [13]. Wear is directly related to the fatigue life of part [14]. Bayer [15] found that wear was the major factor to define and limit the life of a machine element such as
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