State, source and triggering mechanism of iron and manganese pollution in groundwater of Changchun, Northeastern China
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State, source and triggering mechanism of iron and manganese pollution in groundwater of Changchun, Northeastern China Oluwafemi Adeyeye & Changlai Xiao & Zhihao Zhang & Xiujuan Liang
Received: 4 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The present state of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentration in groundwater of Changchun city located within the Songnen Plain of northeastern China was evaluated in this study. Heavy metal sources, as well as triggering mechanism, were analyzed using a physicochemical, statistical and spatial approach. Results revealed that out of the 2600 samples analyzed, 214 (representing 8.24%) for Fe and 606 wells (representing 23.34%) for Mn exceeded the water standard. Organic matter–rich sediments and Fe-Mn nodules in aquifer and soil serve as sources of Fe and Mn. Organic and inorganic complex formations, as well as long residence time, were found to foster the release of Fe and Mn into groundwater. Additionally, pH and well depth was important in triggering Mn dissolution while O. Adeyeye : C. Xiao : Z. Zhang : X. Liang Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China O. Adeyeye : C. Xiao : Z. Zhang : X. Liang National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun 130021, China O. Adeyeye : C. Xiao : Z. Zhang : X. Liang (*) College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China e-mail: [email protected] O. Adeyeye Global Geosolutionz, Typesetters Biz Complex, Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
groundwater mineralization, depth to the water table and well proximity to the river were found to have minimal/ negligible effect on heavy metal mobilization. The removal of Fe and Mn from the water before use was proposed along with the sinking of deeper wells for groundwater exploitation to limit the use of polluted water. Keywords State . Source . Triggering mechanism . Iron . Manganese
Introduction Changchun is a large city in Jilin Province, northeastern China, hosting within it a 3.68 million-strong population of Changchun and a total of about 7.534 million people in the ten counties that constitute the study area (Changchun Bureau of Statistics 2017). Groundwater in Changchun constitutes 37% of the total drinking water supply for the vast majority of the population in decentralized water supply areas (Changchun Water Conservancy Bureau 2017). Studies have shown the presence of elevated iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in groundwater from the area (Gui-shan 2011; Xi-Jun 2015). The national standard qualities for groundwater are 0.3 mg/l and 0.1 mg/l for Fe and Mn, respectively (National Standardization Administration 2017). The problem of Fe and Mn in groundwater has been extens i v e l y s t u d i e d ( C a r r e t e r o a n d K r u se 2 0 1 4 ; Kshetrimayum and Hegeu 2016; Le Luu 2017; de Meyer et al. 2017). The concentration of Fe and Mn in
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