Iodine enrichment and the underlying mechanism in deep groundwater in the Cangzhou Region, North China
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Iodine enrichment and the underlying mechanism in deep groundwater in the Cangzhou Region, North China Yuanjing Zhang 1,2 & Lining Chen 2 & Shengwei Cao 2 & Xia Tian 2 & Sihai Hu 1
&
Xiaohui Mi 1 & Yaoguo Wu 1
Received: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The lack of information on the origin and behavior of iodine in deep groundwater restricts the development and use of groundwater resources. To address this issue, the Cangzhou region in the eastern North China Plain (NCP) was selected for a case study. In total, 296 deep groundwater samples were collected, their iodine concentrations were determined, and the distribution characteristics of iodine concentrations were analyzed. Iodine concentrations ranged from < 0.002 to 1.22 mg/L, with a mean of 0.19 mg/L; 42% of the samples had high iodine concentrations. The levels were higher in the east than in the west, and most of the samples with high iodine concentrations were obtained from sites east of the boundary between the Cangxian uplift and the Huanghua depression. The weathering and dissolution of iodine-bearing minerals and the leaching of marine sediments can facilitate iodine enrichment. In the Cangxian uplift, iodine was mainly a result of the conversion of organic iodine, while in the Huanghua depression, iodine enrichment was a factor of the conversion of IO3−. Overall, the main factors for the enrichment of iodine are the sedimentary environmental and the hydrodynamic conditions. Our results provide a theoretical basis to understand the occurrence of high iodine concentrations in deep groundwater. Keywords Iodine distribution characteristics . Deep groundwater . Enrichment mechanism . Sedimentation . Tectonic conditions
Introduction Iodine, as one of the most important trace elements, is essential to thyroid hormone synthesis for humans and plays a vital role in energy metabolism, thermoregulation, physical, and mental development, and inadequate intake will lead to higher chances of diseases (Gaitan and Dunn 1992; Laurberg et al. 2001). The demands for iodine are generally higher during pregnancy, Responsible Editor: Xianliang Yi Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11159-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sihai Hu [email protected] * Yaoguo Wu [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
2
The Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang 050061, Hebei Province, China
lactation, and infancy, so women and infants tend to be prone to iodine deficiency (Dold et al. 2018). As the importance of iodine for the health of the population, countries around the world have set strict standards in drinking water. According to the standard of “Definition and Demarcation of Water-borne Iodine-excess and Iodine Excess Endemial Areas” (GB
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