Stimuli responsive polymer-based strategies for polynucleotide delivery
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Stimuli responsive polymer-based strategies for polynucleotide delivery Metin Uz Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
Sacide Alsoy Altinkaya Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
Surya K. Mallapragadaa) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA (Received 13 December 2016; accepted 17 March 2017)
In recent years, stimuli responsive polymer based gene delivery vehicle design for cancer treatment and treatment of other genetic disorders has received extensive attention. Early studies focusing on DNA delivery have been facilitated by functional polymers and this area has seen further growth spurred by recent gene silencing strategies developed for small RNA [i.e., small interfering RNA (siRNA) or micro RNA (miRNA)] delivery. DNA and small RNAs possess analogous properties; however, their explicit differences define the specific challenges associated with the delivery route and the design of functional materials to overcome distinct challenges. Apart from classical gene delivery, the recent advances in genome editing have revealed the necessity of new delivery devices for genome editing tools. A system involving CRISPR (clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats) and an endonuclease CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) coupled with a short, single-guide RNA (sgRNA) has emerged as a promising tool for genome editing along with functional delivery systems. For all these nucleic acid based treatments, the internal or external physiochemical changes in the biological tissue/cells play a major role in the design of stimuli responsive delivery materials for both in vitro and in vivo applications. This review emphasizes the recent advances in the use of pH, temperature, and redox potential-responsive polymers overcoming hurdles for delivery of gene and gene editing tools for both in vitro and in vivo applications. Specifically the chapter focuses on recently proposed delivery strategies, types of delivery systems, and polymer synthesis/modification methods. The recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-sgRNA technology and delivery are also described in a separate section. The review ends with current clinical trials, concluding remarks, and future perspectives.
I. INTRODUCTION
Gene delivery has been considered a promising tool for the treatment of cancer for more than a decade. During this period, various obstacles for gene delivery and their potential solutions have been investigated with the development in technology. The challenges such as limited gene transfer efficiency, targeting to specific cells and tissues, safety etc., have been addressed by strategies based on viral and nonviral vectors.1–3 The concerns in using engineered viral vectors such as biosafety, cost of production, nonspecific interactions, and loading capacity, have limited their clinical application and pushed the roadmap of research to safer nonviral vector alternatives, Contributing Editor:
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