Strategies to address coal mine-created environmental issues and their feasibility study on northeastern coalfields of A
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Strategies to address coal mine‑created environmental issues and their feasibility study on northeastern coalfields of Assam, India: a review Aparna Choudhury1,2 · Jiumoni Lahkar1 · Binoy Kumar Saikia1,2 · Anil Kumar Anil Singh1,2 · Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah1,2 · Hari Prasanna Deka Boruah1,2,3 Received: 13 November 2019 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Mining of coal around the world is being continued to meet the ever-growing energy demand. Mining involves extensive clearing of ground cover, change in physiography, generation of massive solid and liquid wastes to reach coal and thereby alters ecology and environment of the mining site as well as the neighboring areas. Depending on the nature, origin and seam arrangement of a coal reserve, mining method adopted on the site varies. These cumulative factors determine the impacts of coal mining on environment. To minimize the level of impact or to address various environmental issues caused by mining, evidence of many successful methodologies was described. However, all the processes are not universally applicable. Hence, the current review provided a comprehensive overview of coal mining environment, related damages and strategies employed globally for prevention, mitigation and remediation. Emphasis was given to analyze the feasibility of described methods to apply on northeastern coalfields (NEC) of Assam. Additionally, the review highlighted the reclamation measures used in NEC of Assam which generally produce a large amount of Tertiary coal concomitantly affecting the environment. Overall, the current review signifies proper utilization of suitable methods available globally to strategize effective measures relevant to northeastern coalfields of Assam. Keywords Mining · Environment · Pollution · Prevention · Mitigation · Remediation
* Hari Prasanna Deka Boruah [email protected] Jiumoni Lahkar [email protected] 1
Biotechnology Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
2
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
3
Present Address: Government Model College, Kaziranga, Kaziranga National Park, Assam 785609, India
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1 Introduction Coal and petroleum hydrocarbon are the major sources of energy worldwide. The British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy for 2019 states that coal is the most abundant energy source among the entire non-renewable resources with a proven reserve of 1,054,782 MT. Coal accounts for 27% of the total world primary energy consumption. In India, coal contributes to 56% of the total energy consumption (British Petroleum 2019). To meet this energy need, extensive coal exploration takes place globally. Besides being a major consumer, India is the fourth largest producer of coal and Coal India Limited (CIL) is the leading coal-producing company. According to Mi
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