Strategies to Control Particulate Emissions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines
In recent years gasoline engine powered vehicles have been improved significantly in many respects. Technical enablers like downsizing, turbocharging, direct fuel injection (DI), and variable valve timing [1 , 2 ] have allowed for a simultaneous reduction
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Abstract In recent years gasoline engine powered vehicles have been improved significantly in many respects. Technical enablers like downsizing, turbocharging, direct fuel injection (DI), and variable valve timing [1, 2] have allowed for a simultaneous reduction of fuel consumption and improvement of vehicle performance. While still operating predominantly in homogeneous mode, modern downsized gasoline direct injection engines still present engineers with a number of technical challenges, of which many will require the highest level of inventiveness to overcome. Currently, great attention is paid to the further reduction of particulate emission. In this paper, potential approaches for controlling particulate emissions from direct injection gasoline engines are presented. The presentation includes methods for reducing combustion generated particulate emission as well as exhaust aftertreatment technology options. Special emphasis is given to the open technical issues accompanying each of the approaches, including the challenge of maintaining the already achieved performance and CO2 reduction levels. Keywords Direct injection GPF
Particulate number Calibration EU6 NEDC
Abbreviations ATDC After Top Dead Centre BMEP Break Mean Effective Pressure BTDC Before Top Dead Centre CA Crank Angle
F2012-A04-018 O. Berkemeier (&) K. Grieser K. Hohenboeken E. Karvounis K. M. Springer Ford Werke GmbH, Research and Advanced, Cologne, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
SAE-China and FISITA (eds.), Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 189, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33841-0_54, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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CAE CC DI EOI FRP GDI GPF GTDI NEDC OEM PFI PCJ P&E PN PM RPM SOI TC TWC UB
O. Berkemeier et al.
Computer Aided Engineering Close Coupled Direct Injection End Of Injection Fuel Rail Pressure Gasoline Direct Injection Gasoline Particulate Filter Gasoline Turbo Direct Injection New European Driving Cycle Original Equipment Manufacturer Port Fuel Injection Piston Cooling Jet Performance & Emissions Particulate Number Particulate Mass Rotations Per Minute Start of Injection Turbo Charger Three Way Catalyst Under Body
1 Introduction Particulate emission by DI gasoline combustion engines is governed by a very complex system of interacting processes as illustrated by Fig. 1. The influencing factors are as multifaceted as e.g. engine thermal condition, injection and combustion process, oil introduction to the combustion chamber, etc. The control paths which are highlighted in the ‘‘cause and effect’’ diagram are the key elements addressed in this paper and will be categorised under two main subjects: combustion system optimization and after treatment measures.
2 Combustion System Optimization Compared to Port-Fuel-Injection (PFI) concepts, there is a higher likelihood that conditions favouring soot particle formation may appear in a Direct-Injection (DI) combustion process. This is due to the shorter time available for air/fuel mixing an
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