Synthesis, surface modification, and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
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Synthesis, surface modification, and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles Wenhui Ling1 , Mingyu Wang1, Chunxia Xiong1, Dengfeng Xie1, Qiyu Chen1, Xinyue Chu1, Xiaoyan Qiu1, Yuemin Li1, Xiong Xiao1,a) 1
College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected]
a)
Received: 18 February 2019; accepted: 22 March 2019
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) are particularly attractive in biosensor, antibacterial activity, targeted drug delivery, cell separation, magnetic resonance imaging tumor magnetic hyperthermia, and so on because of their particular properties including superparamagnetic behavior, low toxicity, biocompatibility, etc. Although many methods had been developed to produce MIONPs, some challenges such as severe agglomeration, serious oxidation, and irregular size are still faced in the synthesis of MIONPs. Thus, various strategies had been developed for the surface modification of MIONPs to improve the characteristics of them and obtain multifunctional MIONPs, which will widen the applicational scopes of them. Therefore, the processes, mechanisms, advances, advantages, and disadvantages of six main approaches for the synthesis of MIONPs; surface modification of MIONPs with inorganic materials, organic molecules, and polymer molecules; applications of MIONPs or modified MIONPs; the technical challenges of synthesizing MIONPs; and their limitations in biomedical applications were described in this review to provide the theoretical and technological guidance for their future applications.
Introduction Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are a new type of materials, which have increasingly extensive applications in many fields such as biomedicine [1, 2, 3], magnetic fluid, catalysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4], environmental protection [5], etc. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) are one kind of MNPs, which have superparamagnetic behavior, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity [6]. There are many methods to synthesize MIONPs, including physical synthesis methods [7], chemical synthesis methods [8], and biosynthesis methods [9]. Compared with physical methods and biosynthesis methods, chemical synthesis methods are more often used because they are simpler and efficient, and the generated MIONPs have high purity, small particle size, and good morphology. Various chemical synthesis strategies including coprecipitation, hydrothermal treatment, high temperature decomposition, sol–gel method, cathodic electrochemical deposition (CED), and pulsed laser ablation (PLA) had been reported. However, since MIONPs have a large surface-to-volume ratio and exhibit high surface energies, they tend to aggregate
ª Materials Research Society 2019
together to minimize this kind of energy. Furthermore, the bare MIONPs have high chemical activity, which makes them easily to b
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