Structural variability and niche differentiation of the rhizosphere and endosphere fungal microbiome of Casuarina equise
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ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - RESEARCH PAPER
Structural variability and niche differentiation of the rhizosphere and endosphere fungal microbiome of Casuarina equisetifolia at different ages Rui Huang 1 & Pan Chen 1 & Xuan Wang 1 & Huimin Li 1
&
Linzhi Zuo 1 & Yaqian Zhang 1 & Lei Li 1
Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 8 July 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2020
Abstract Background Casuarina equisetifolia is one of the most important artificially planted protective forests along the coast in southern China for windbreaks, soil erosion, and sand dune stabilization. Self-renewing of C. equisetifolia is very limited, which might be caused by low soil nutrient levels and reduced microbial activity. Methods Use of high-throughput sequencing of the 18S rDNA to investigate the microbial communities from the rhizosphere and root endosphere of C. equisetifolia in young-aged, intermediate-aged, and mature-aged forests. Results Our results indicate that the diversity of rhizosphere fungal microbiomes in field-grown C. equisetifolia is much lower than that of the endosphere microbiomes. Bioinformatic analysis showed that rhizocompartments produce the strongest differentiation of rhizosphere and endosphere communities. Notably, the distribution of rhizosphere fungi communities was significantly influenced by the environmental factors, not by forest ages. Conclusions The presented study suggests that the rhizocompartments and environmental factors, rather than forest ages, determine the diversities of fungal community. Keywords Casuarina equisetifolia . 18S rDNA sequencing . Rhizosphere . Endophytic microorganisms . Diversity of microbiomes
Introduction Land plants have rich and diverse microbial communities in the thin layer of soil attached to the roots, i.e., the rhizosphere, and within the root tissues, there is a differentiation between rhizospheric and endophytic microorganisms [1–4], which have a symbiotic relationship with its host plant. Fungal groups may improve nutrient bioavailability and transport from the soil as well as increase host tolerance to biotic (and abiotic stresses) and promote stress resistance [5, 6]. In return, the host plant delivers habitation and a constant supply of
Rui Huang and Pan Chen contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Acacio Aparecido Navarrete. * Lei Li [email protected] 1
College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China
energy and carbon sources to the microorganisms [7–10]. In general, all tissues of the plant host have microbial communities: at the soil root interface (rhizosphere), inside the plant tissue (root, stem, leaf endosphere), and at the air–plant interface (phyllosphere environment), and rhizocompartments includes nodule endophytes, root endophytes, rhizosphere, and root zone [11]. All of these microenvironments provide specific biotic and abiotic conditions for the residing microorganism communities. Casuarina equisetifolia is the main
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