Studies on micron-sized Na 0.7 MnO 2.05 with excellent cycling performance as a cathode material for aqueous rechargeabl
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Studies on micron‑sized Na0.7MnO2.05 with excellent cycling performance as a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable sodium‑ion batteries Fanpei Gu1 · Xiaolin Yao1 · Tianjiao Sun1 · Minhua Fang1 · Miao Shui1 · Jie Shu1 · Yuanlong Ren1 Received: 15 April 2019 / Accepted: 25 June 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (ARSB) have great potential as large-scale storage devices owing to their low cost, high energy density, safety, and environmental friendliness. Here, micron-sized Na0.7MnO2.05, fabricated by a facile sol–gel method, is reported as a novel cathode material for ARSB and has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction/energy dispersive spectroscopy (ED/EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As revealed, the material is perfectly synthesized. The N a0.7MnO2.05 electrode delivers an initial charge specific capacity of 42.6 mA h g−1 at a current density of −1 50 mA g . Compared with the capacity of 100th cycle (the highest discharge specific capacity of 52 mA h g−1), a capacity retention of 90.1% after 600 cycles is still observed. Good rate performance and excellent long-term cycling capability are also demonstrated. Unique morphology, medium-sized and mono-disperse particles facilitate the diffusion of Na+ in the electrode, which is also beneficial for Na0.7MnO2.05 electrode to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. Keywords Na0.7MnO2.05 · Aqueous rechargeable sodium batteries · Cathode materials
1 Introduction With the increasing amount of resources and energies consumption, the exploitation of renewable energy sources is in urgent demand [1]. Lithium-ion batteries as the most promising renewable energy have been widely applied in the portable electronic markets and electric vehicles owing to its high energy density, high output voltage and high efficiency [2–4]. However, the toxic, flammable organic Fanpei Gu and Xiaolin Yao authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03799-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Miao Shui [email protected] 1
The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, The Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818#, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
electrolyte and shortage of lithium resource seriously restrict its extensive application [5]. Aqueous electrolytes are both non-toxic and uninflammable and the higher ionic conductivity of aqueous electrolyte compared with that of the organic electrolyte makes high rate charge/discharge possible [6, 7]. Furthermore, based on the natural abundance in the Earth’s crust, many researchers shift their attention
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