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ORIGINAL PAPER

V2O5@TiO2 composite as cathode material for lithium-ion storage with excellent performance Mingbo Ma 1 & Fanshu Ji 1 & Xianfeng Du 1 & Sixue Liu 1 & Chenyue Liang 1 & Lilong Xiong 1 Received: 20 March 2020 / Revised: 27 June 2020 / Accepted: 22 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract V2O5 is a promising candidate for cathode active material for Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity but suffers from poor rate capability and cycling stability. To cover these disadvantages, in this work, a low-cost and facile sol-gel method to prepare TiO2-coated V2O5 microspheres is developed for the first time. The prepared V2O5@TiO2 composite could deliver an initial capacity of 297.7 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 in the potential range of 2.0–4.0 V (vs. Li+/Li). Moreover, the capacity of 247.0 mA h g−1 could be delivered at 1000 mA g−1, and 86% of capacity could be retained after 100 cycles. Even at a large current density of 5000 mA g−1, it could still deliver a high capacity of 197.3 mA h g−1 with a capacity retention of 93.5% after 200 cycles. The outstanding rate and cycling stability of V2O5@TiO2 composite indicate that it holds bright prospect for using as an excellent cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Keywords Cathode materials . High capacity . Rate capability . Lithium-ion batteries

Introduction With the increase of energy exhaustion and environment pollution, the developments of high-efficient energy storage and delivery systems have attracted growing attention [1–5]. As one of the most promising electrical energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) possessing high-energy density, long cycle life, good safety, and environmental friendliness have been widely used in portable electronic products and implantable medical devices [6–9]. LIBs have led to the development of high-performance batteries, but it still need to further improve the energy density to meet the constantly increasing demands of new-generation energy storage devices used for electric vehicle propulsion and grid-scale energy storage [10]. Compared with the commercialized graphite anode Mingbo Ma and Fanshu Ji contributed equally to this work. * Xianfeng Du [email protected] * Lilong Xiong [email protected] 1

Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China

(372 mA h g−1), the specific capacity of costly cathode is usually below 200 mA h g−1, so the development of LIBs is typically limited by the cathode [11, 12]. Therefore, it is important and valuable to develop cheap cathode with high specific capacity. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) offers several advantages such as abundance on the Earth’s crust, convenience for preparation, and high theoretical specific capacity based on its unique layered structure [13–15]. Several phase transit