Sublethal effects of phenol on histology of selected organs of freshwater fish Mystus vittatus
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Sublethal effects of phenol on histology of selected organs of freshwater fish Mystus vittatus Kannayiram Muthukumaravel 1 & Natarajan Vasanthi 1 & Arumugam Stalin 2 & Lubna Alam 3 & Bharathi Santhanabharathi 4 & Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa 4 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Acute toxicity (96 h LC50) of phenol was analyzed in the cat fish Mystus vittatus in static bio-assay over a 96-h exposure period using probit method. The 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of phenol for fingerling catfish were found out as 13.98, 13.17, 12.62, and 12.21 mg/l respectively. Investigations pertaining to the histopathological sections have shown high degree of pathological lesions observed in various parts like gill, liver intestine, and kidney of the fish species. Analysis of gill section revealed observable changes in the experimental species such as fusion, malformation at the tip of secondary lamellae, vacuolation, hyperplasia, and epithelial damage. Exposure of phenol showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, tissue damage, and loss of hepatic cell wall in the liver of experimental organism. Lesions of tissue damage at the epithelial site, inflammation, and clumping of adjacent villi made of columnar epithelium have been observed in the intestine of fish, and also the excretory part of the fish kidney revealed various changes like glomerular atrophy, damage of Bowman’s capsule, vacuolization, and degeneration of renal epithelium. The current study on histological changes observed in the experimental organisms has thrown light on the current scenario which poses threat and danger to the whole aquatic ecosystem, and this study plays a vital role in assessing the aquatic pollution. Keywords Catfish . Mystus vittatus . Acute toxicity . Phenol . Histology
Introduction Nowadays, due to rapid industrialization, modern agriculture (application of synthetic fertilizers and various insecticides), and domestic sewage, many aquatic environments in India are Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa [email protected] 1
P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, Khadir Mohideen College, Bharathidasan University, Adirampattinam, Tamil Nadu 614 701, India
2
P.G. and Research Department of Zoology, National College (Autonomous), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620001, India
3
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 014, India
experiencing complicated problems of pollution (Reddy and Rawat 2013). These pollutants hold highly destructive effects on balancing the ecosystem and wide variety of aquatic organisms (Farombi et al. 2007). Phenol is an eco-toxin and ubiquitous pollutant of aquatic ecosys
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