Comparative Acute Toxicity Assessment of Organophosphate and Avermectin Insecticides on a Freshwater Fish Oreochromis ni
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Comparative Acute Toxicity Assessment of Organophosphate and Avermectin Insecticides on a Freshwater Fish Oreochromis niloticus Özgür Fırat1 · Ramazan Tutus1 Received: 4 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Oreochromis niloticus was exposed to 10.0 ppb of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and avermectin insecticides abamectin (ABM) and emamectin benzoate (EB) for 48 and 96 h. RBC and Hb decreased in CPF- and ABM-exposed fish after 96-h. Plasma ALT, AST, cortisol, and glucose increased in 96-h CPF-, ABM- and EB-exposed fish, while plasma ions declined in 96-h CPF-exposed ones. Insecticides caused alterations in liver oxidative stress parameters. In fish exposed to CPF, CAT increased after 48-h whereas it decreased after 96-h. Also, CAT declined in 48- and 96-h ABM-exposed fish, whereas it elevated in 48-h EB-exposed ones. Insecticides caused decreases in SOD at 48- and 96-h and in GR after 96-h. GSH elevated in CPF-exposed fish after 48-h, while it decreased in all the tested insecticide exposures after 96-h. Malondialdehyde of fish exposed to insecticides for 96-h increased. Consequently, toxic effects of insecticides on O. niloticus were generally as CPF > ABM > EB. Keywords Oreochromis niloticus · Chlorpyrifos · Abamectin · Emamectin benzoate · Oxidative stress · Plasma biochemistry Pesticides from agricultural fields enter the aquatic environment through surface run-off or spray drifting and have been a serious threat to aquatic organisms including fish (Ullah et al. 2018). Chlorpyrifos (CPF), one of the most widely used organophosphate pesticides, has been more toxic to fish than organochlorinated pesticides. This insecticide used to control foliar insects and subterranean termites (Venkateswara Rao et al. 2005). Abamectin (ABM) and emamectin benzoate (EB) are avermectin insecticides, which are the natural fermentation products of the soil-dwelling actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis (Raftery and Volz 2015). Avermectins are widely used as antihelminthic and antiparasitic agents against many pests in agriculture and domestic animals depending on their broad-spectrum effectiveness. ABM has low toxicity to mammals whereas it can cause severe toxic effects in fish (Ma et al. 2014). EB is considered as Toxicity Category II by WHO (Wang et al. 2012). Investigating the blood cells, biochemistry and hormones is crucial in monitoring the physiological status of fish and * Özgür Fırat [email protected] 1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Adiyaman University, 02040 Adiyaman, Turkey
in diagnosing diseases (Fırat et al. 2011). Pesticides are well known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical etc., which may lead to oxidative stress, showing the role of ROS in pesticide toxicity (Narra 2016). During oxidative stress, the ROS production overwhelms the capacity of antioxidant defence systems, causing adverse biological consequences (Sharma 2009). The oxi
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