Sulfonated CMK-3: an effective catalyst for the glucose conversion to butyl levulinate as the fuel additive
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Sulfonated CMK-3: an effective catalyst for the glucose conversion to butyl levulinate as the fuel additive Zahra Babaei 1 & Roxane Yazdanpanah Esmaeilabad 1 & Nazanin Orash 1 & Alireza Najafi Chermahini 1 Received: 15 July 2020 / Revised: 21 September 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The conversion of biomass to biofuels or fuel additives is an important process in the industrial and petrochemical processes. In this investigation, butyl levulinate as a fuel additive was synthesized using a sulfonated CMK-3 catalyst and glucose as a reactant. The effect of two catalysts, which were prepared with two different sulfone reactants, was studied. The influence of other parameters including reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and initial glucose amount was evaluated by the Taguchi method. Among the four selected factors, the initial glucose amount was the most effective on the dehydration of glucose to butyl levulinate. Under optimum conditions, using the reaction obtained from experimental design, 70.4% yield and > 99% conversion were calculated for butyl levulinate and glucose, respectively. Also, the conversion of different carbohydrates such as maltose, sucrose, and fructose to butyl levulinate was investigated. Finally, the catalyst reusability was surveyed, and it was observed that the spent catalyst demonstrated high activity in five cycles. Keywords CMK-3 . Biomass conversion . Butyl levulinate . Dehydration . Glucose . Taguchi method
1 Introduction First of all, due to the augmentation of the globe temperature, caused by greenhouse emissions, followed by the prediction of another increase of 2.5 °C compared to the pre-industrial period, until 2050, and taking into account the drastic diminution of fossil fuels resources, finding alternatives with less carbon emission has attracted the full attention of scientists [1–7]. Biomass, as one alternative for fossil fuels between other sources of energy such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydropower, is producing about 11% of the world energy supplies for heating, transportation, and electrical energy. It is expected that biomass supplies the world’s primary energy consumption up to 50% until 2050 [5, 8–10]. Carbohydrates primarily obtained from biomass have the advantage to be almost a non-exhaustible resource for raw materials in the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01072-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Alireza Najafi Chermahini [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84154-83111, Iran
industry. One of the derivates of biomass are alkyl levulinates (ALs). ALs have a wide range of applications, e.g., green solvent, a potentially renewable solvent, important intermediates in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries and as starting chemicals for the synthesis of gamma valerolactone
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