Superomniphobic surfaces: Design and durability
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Introduction Surfaces with extreme repellency to liquids have drawn significant interest for various civilian and military applications, including self-cleaning surfaces,1 nonfouling surfaces,2 stain-free clothing and spill-resistant protective wear,3 drag reduction,4 and locomotion of microrobots in aqueous and chemical environments.5,6 Two commonly used measures of liquid repellency are the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis (i.e., the difference between the advancing [maximum] and receding [minimum] contact angles) on a solid surface (also see the Introductory article in this issue). A surface is considered super-repellent when it displays very high contact angles (typically >150° as shown in Figure 1a) and very low contact angle hysteresis (typically 150° and contact angle hysteresis 150° and contact angle hysteresis > 0 if cos θ > 0 and cos θ*
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