Supporting Apparatus of Vertebrates: Skeleton and Bones

In vertebrates the skeleton consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons and serves two major purposes: it is a supporting structure and a metabolic organ. With regard to the first aspect, the skeleton enables locomotion and supports the shape of

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Comparative Medicine Anatomy and Physiology

Comparative Medicine

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Erika Jensen-Jarolim Editor

Comparative Medicine Anatomy and Physiology

Editor Erika Jensen-Jarolim Comparative Medicine Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Messerli Research Institute Vienna, Austria

ISBN 978-3-7091-1558-9 ISBN 978-3-7091-1559-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1559-6 Springer Wien Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956624 # Springer-Verlag Wien 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To my unforgettable father. Thank you for infecting your children with your lively interest in the animal kingdom and biology from our very beginning. Following your mandate, your grandchildren Annika, Sebastian, and Christopher are successfully contaminated. Prosperous tree of life!

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Preface

In 2010 the Messerli Research Institute was founded as an interdisciplinary enterprise between the private Swiss Messerli Foundation and three universities: the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University of Vienna. The intention was to investigate and improve all types of human–animal relationships and interactions. In spite o