Synergistic effects of ultrasound and extraction solvent on the bioactive compound in kenaf seed oil
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Synergistic effects of ultrasound and extraction solvent on the bioactive compound in kenaf seed oil Zhen-shan Zhang1 • Qing-fang Xie1 • Liming Che2
Revised: 31 December 2019 / Accepted: 8 January 2020 Ó Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020
Abstract Kenaf seed oil was extracted with 3 different solvents, i.e. hexane, ethanol and aqueous enzymatic medium with or without ultrasonic assistance. The synergistic effects of ultrasound and extraction solvent on the content of bioactive compound in kenaf seed oil was investigated. Results show that ultrasound-assisted extraction with hexane obtained the highest yield (84.71%), while yield with aqueous enzymatic medium was the lowest (51.12%). Two endothermic peaks exhibited on the melting curve of kenaf seed oil at the temperature range - 37 to - 25 °C and - 12 to - 2 °C, respectively. Linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid are the major fatty acids, accounting for above 96% of the total fatty acids. The content of vitamin E, phosphatide, total phenols and sterol are 92.38–105.01 mg/100 g oil, 0.38–22.28 g/kg, 0.51–71.02 mg GAE/100 g and 161.79–533.12 mg/100 g, respectively. The solvent employed has significant effect (p \ 0.05) on the thermal property, fatty acid composition and bioactive constituents of the extracted kenaf seed oil. The oil extracted with ethanol contained more nervonic acid and bioactive components such as b-carotene, phosphatide, total phenols and sterols. The introduction of ultrasound reduced the extraction time remarkably. The
& Zhen-shan Zhang [email protected] & Liming Che [email protected] 1
College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, No. 100, Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou 45001, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
results demonstrate that extraction with ethanol combined with ultrasound is an effective method to extract kenaf seed oil, as more reasonable fatty acid composition and higher content of bioactive components can be achieved. Keywords Kenaf seed oil Extraction Ultrasound Ethanol Bioactive compound
Introduction In recent years, the demand for vegetable oil for consumption and industrial purposes has been increasing because of the increase of population and economic development (Hashemi et al. 2017a). There is thereby an urgent need to explore new source of oil as well as to increase the production of existing oil crops. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual herbaceous plant, which belongs to Malvaceae family (Cheng et al. 2016). It is originally native to Africa and now mainly distributes in China, India, and Thailand (Chew et al. 2017a). Kenaf seed is a by-product of kenaf processing. It has a yield of 700–1500 kg/hectare, depending on the varieties of kenaf and agro-climatic conditions (Cheng et al. 2016). The content of oil in kenaf seed ranges from 19.0 to 26.4% (Mohamed et al. 1995; Coetzee et al. 2008),
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