Synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells: past life, current situation, and application in bone and joint diseases
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Synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells: past life, current situation, and application in bone and joint diseases Na Li1†, Jinfang Gao1†, Liangyu Mi1, Gailian Zhang2, Liyun Zhang2, Na Zhang2, Rongxiu Huo1, Junping Hu1 and Ke Xu2*
Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from not only bone marrow, but also various adult mesenchymal tissues such as periosteum, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. MSCs from different tissue sources have different molecular phenotypes and differentiation potential. Synovial membrane (SM) is an important and highly specific component of synovial joints. Previous studies have suggested that the synovium is a structure with a few cell layers thick and consists mainly of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which forms a layer that lining the synovial membrane on the joint cavity and synovial fluid through cell-cell contact. In recent years, studies have found that there are also mesenchymal stem cells in the synovium, and as an important part of the mesenchymal stem cell family, it has strong capabilities of cartilage forming and tissue repairing. This article reviews the sources, surface markers, subtypes, influencing factors, and applications in inflammatory joints of synovial membrane mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs) in recent years, aiming to clarify the research status and existing problems of SM-MSCs. Keywords: Synovium mesenchymal stem cells, Immunophenotype, Cell subpopulation, Chondrogenic potential, Cartilage repair
Background Mesenchymal stem cells are derived from mesoderm mesenchymal stem cells with multi-directional differentiation potential. In 1968, Friedenstein et al. [1] found that a group of cells in the rat bone marrow can form fibroblast-like clones and be induced in vitro to differentiate into bone tissue, which also can reconstruct the blood microenvironment after being transplanted into the mouse. In 1991, the above-mentioned cells from the bone marrow were named MSCs for the first time [2]. Later, precursor cells of various tissues, such as bone marrow, muscle, fat, placenta, umbilical cord, and dental * Correspondence: [email protected] † Na Li and Jinfang Gao contributed equally to this work. 2 Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
pulp, were collectively called MSCs [3]. According to the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), MSCs must meet the following characteristics when cultured in vitro: (1) MSCs should be mechanically adherent to and expand on plastic containers; (2) MSCs must be positive for expressing CD73, CD90, and CD105, but negative for the expression of CD45, CD31, CD34, CD14, CD11b, CD79α, CD19, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR surface marker molecules; and (3) MSCs must possess the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes under appropriate conditions [4]. Although the current research focuses on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
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