Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Highly Ordered Ru-Containing Mesoporous Carbons for Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehy
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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Highly Ordered Ru-Containing Mesoporous Carbons for Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde Peng Gao Æ Aiqin Wang Æ Xiaodong Wang Æ Tao Zhang
Received: 26 May 2008 / Accepted: 6 June 2008 / Published online: 23 July 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract Highly ordered Ru-containing mesoporous carbons (Ru-OMC) were for the first time synthesized by a one-pot method. Comparing with our previously reported Ir-OMC, the Ru precursor must be added after the formaldehyde was consumed by polycondensation with resorcinol to obtain a small particle size. The resultant Ru-OMC samples with different Ru contents were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorptiondesorption, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results evidenced the formation of highly ordered mesostructure, in which Ru particles were imbedded. The new carbon materials were further evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CMA). By comparison with the traditional Ru/AC catalyst, our RuOMC samples exhibited much higher activity (2–14-fold) and up to 60% of selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol (CMO). Keywords Mesoporous carbon Self-assembly Ruthenium Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamyl alcohol Hydrogenation
1 Introduction Carbon materials have been widely used as catalyst supports owing to their large surface areas and rich porosities P. Gao A. Wang X. Wang T. Zhang (&) State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, 116023 Dalian, China e-mail: [email protected] P. Gao Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039 Beijing, China
[1–3]. Compared with commercial carbon materials with microporous structure (e.g., activated carbon), the recently developed mesoporous carbons may present additional advantages in terms of mass transfer and utility of internal surfaces, and therefore attracted intensive research attention [4–6]. Two major synthetic pathways have been developed for mesoporous carbons. One is the hard template strategy [7, 8] which involves synthesis of hard template (such as SBA-15), repetitive filling of the pores with carbon precursor, pyrolysis at a high temperature, and removal of the hard template. Due to the multi steps involved and low yield of the carbon, this method is lack of commercial interest. The other attracting strategy is the soft template approach [9–14], which involves polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde under the presence of a surfactant template. This method not only allows for largescale production, but also yields ordered mesoporous carbons with various macroscopic forms like films, powders, monoliths, etc. More importantly, catalytically active species could be introduced into the above reaction mixture, which facilitates one-pot synthesis of mesoporous carbonsupported catalysts. In our previous work [15, 16], iridium as well as molybdenum carbide was imbedded in the mesoporous carbons by this one-pot procedure, and the resultant composite exhibi
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