Synthesis and characterization of citrus-derived pectin nanoparticles based on their degree of esterification
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Synthesis and characterization of citrus-derived pectin nanoparticles based on their degree of esterification Eden Mariam Jacob1, Ankita Borah1, Amandeep Jindal2, Sindhu C. Pillai1, Yohei Yamamoto2, Toru Maekawa1, Dasappan Nair Sakthi Kumar1,a) 1
Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Bio Nano Electronic Research Centre, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] 2
Received: 23 January 2020; accepted: 14 April 2020
Polysaccharide-based nanoparticles such as pectin had always been of greatest interest because of its excellent solubility and mucoadhesive nature and are highly suitable for oral drug delivery for drug administration. In this study, we used commercially available pectin samples based on their degree of esterification, and nanoparticles were fabricated by the ionotropic gelation method using magnesium (Mg2+) as the divalent crosslinker. We conducted a comparative analysis on the three pectin NPs—high methoxylated pectin (HMP), low methoxylated pectin (LMP), and amidated LMP (AMP)—to examine the difference in characteristics such as shape, size, and biocompatibility. HMP and AMP were found to be similar in size (;850 nm), whereas LMP was found to be of ;700 nm. The three NPs were also tested for their biocompatibility toward THP-1 cells. All three NPs were found to have the potential as a nanocarrier of therapeutic and preventive drugs, especially through oral routes.
Introduction Nanotechnology has crafted the ideology of drug delivery in ultrafine colloidal particles ranging from the size 10 to 1000 nm with a large surface-to-volume ratio and precise localizing into a promising reality [1]. Nanocarriers synchronize on increasing the bioavailability of the drug and minimize the side effects. The nano drug delivery system has eased up various procedures in the medical field such as early detection and prevention, enhanced diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and crucial followup of disease which helps in prioritizing reduced costs and pain to patients [2]. Polysaccharides as biodegradable nanocarriers have risen in the pharmaceutical arena since last decade owing to its highly effective therapeutic application in drug preservation and alleviating its toxic effects [3]. They exhibit biodegradability, biocompatibility, and are less toxic when compared with other nonnatural nanocarriers. Pectin is a fundamental unit in the plant kingdom, found extensively in the peel of citrus fruits such as lime, orange, lemon, and grapefruit, and other sources include apple pomace, potato, and sugar beets [4, 5]. Commercially available sources are apple pomace and citrus peel, where citrus peel have 20– 30% more pectin content than apple pomace. Pectin has
ª Materials Research Society 2020
globally marked its necessity in various applications such as nutrition [6], health, food packaging [7], and cosmetics because
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