Synthesis, characterization and in vitro analysis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted hyperthermi
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro analysis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted hyperthermia therapy Ziba Hedayatnasab1 · Ali Dabbagh2,3 · Faisal Abnisa4 · Hamed Karimian2 · Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim5 · Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud1 Received: 5 September 2019 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 © Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are considered as promising magnetic nanoheating agents for diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications due to their biocompatibility and tunability of magnetic properties. These nanoheating agents are commonly synthesized by coprecipitation of two iron precursors, though applying less amount of these chemicals may minimize the toxicity risks for biomedical purposes. The aim of this study is to address this issue by considering the high oxidation vulnerability of ferrous ions to ferric ions to synthesize SPIONs via a single-iron precursor under four varied oxidative conditions. The obtained results implied that the properties of SPIONs can be modified by the variation in the oxidizing conditions. Thereby, the optimal sample was produced as the oxygen/nitrogen flow ratio adjusted to 50% in the synthesis environment. The induction heating efficiency of this optimal sample was investigated under the exposure of varied alternating magnetic field (AMF), which resulted in a remarkable specific absorption rate (SAR) of 168.96 W g −1 while maintaining the temperature medium within the secure hyperthermia range. The cytotoxic effect of the optimal SPIONs sample against human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells was determined using MTT assay, leading to a considerable decrement in the cell viability. The incorporation of SPIONs under the AMF exposure is, therefore, considered as an effectual mechanism to the tumor intervention. Graphic abstract
Keywords Superparamagnetic · Iron oxide nanoparticles · Oxidation · Specific absorption rate · In vitro magnetic hyperthermia · Cytotoxicity
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Introduction Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted a great deal of interest in recent past as one of the most promising candidates for cancer therapy purposes such as diagnostic agents in magnetic resonance imaging, nanocarrier agents in drug delivery, and nanoheating agents in magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) (Gualdani et al. 2019). The key features of these nanoheating agents include the fact that they exhibit superior magnetization in an applied alternating magnetic field (AMF), that their magnetic properties can be tuned under AMF exposure, that they can form stable colloidal suspensions in an appropriate synthesis environment, and that they can be injected either intravenously or directly into the targeted area (Lahiri et al. 2016; Salunkhe et al. 2016). In addition, SPIONs have already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and iron is considered as a vital element to m
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