Synthetic musk fragrances in sediments from a subtropical river-lake system in eastern China: occurrences, profiles, and
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Synthetic musk fragrances in sediments from a subtropical river-lake system in eastern China: occurrences, profiles, and ecological risks Yang Lyu 1 & Shan Ren 2 & Fuyong Zhong 2 & Xue Han 2 & Ying He 1 & Zhenwu Tang 1,2 Received: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) in aquatic environments have been of increasing concern because of their potential characteristic of persistent, bioaccumulated, and ecological harm. However, little is known about the distribution of SMFs in river-lake systems. In this study, the occurrence and risks of six SMFs measured in sediments from Lake Chaohu (eastern China) and the rivers flowing into it were investigated. The total sedimentary SMF concentrations ranged from 2.43 to 15.5 ng/g in Lake Chaohu (median = 5.17 ng/g), and 2.34–104 ng/g in the rivers (median = 10.6 ng/g). Overall, moderate levels of SMFs were found in comparison with previous results from other areas. Galaxolide and tonalide dominated in the rivers whereas cashmeran was dominant in Lake Chaohu. A source assessment indicated that the discharge from industries contributed importantly to the pollution of SMFs in the studied waters, in addition to the inputs from domestic sewage. Our estimates suggested that the current sedimentary SMF concentrations were likely to pose extremely low ecological risk to aquatic organisms. However, more studies are needed to focus on the spatial and temporal trends in distribution as well as the ecotoxicological implications of SMFs in the Lake Chaohu area because there is a general lack of relevant information. Keywords Synthetic musk fragrances . Lake Chaohu . River-lake system . Sediments . Ecological risks
Introduction Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) are a class of organic compound that are substituted for natural musk (Peck and Hornbuckle 2006a; Sommer 2004). SMFs are widely used in personal care products, including soaps, perfumes, and shampoos, as well as in household products, such as cleaning agents and air fresheners (Nakata 2005; Sapozhnikova et al. 2010; Wong et al. 2019). In addition, SMFs are also used as additives in tobacco, fish bait, and herbicides (Heberer 2002).
It has been reported that 80% of personal care products contain SMFs (Llompart et al. 2013). Since 1990, the global production and consumption of galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) have increased rapidly (Wu et al. 2012). By some estimates, total production of polycyclic musks, mainly for HHCB and AHTN, reached 6000 metric tons in 2004 (Lange et al. 2015; Peck and Hornbuckle 2006b). Moreover, the annual production of HHCB in the USA reached nearly 4000 metric tons in 2012–2015 (USEPA 2018). In 2015, the production of SMFs in China accounted
Responsible Editor: Esther Heath * Zhenwu Tang [email protected]
Xue Han [email protected]
Yang Lyu [email protected] Shan Ren [email protected] Fuyong Zhong [email protected]
Ying He [email protected] 1
College of Life and Environme
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