Systematic analysis of immune-related genes based on a combination of multiple databases to build a diagnostic and a pro
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Systematic analysis of immune‑related genes based on a combination of multiple databases to build a diagnostic and a prognostic risk model for hepatocellular carcinoma Di‑guang Wen1 · Xiao‑ping Zhao1 · Yu You1 · Zuo‑jin Liu1 Received: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 20 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The immune microenvironment plays a vital role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thousands of immune-related genes (IRGs) have been identified, but their effects on HCC are not fully understood. In this study, we identified the differentially expressed IRGs and analyzed their functions in HCC in a systematic way. Furthermore, we constructed a diagnostic and a prognostic model using multiple statistical methods, and both models had good distinguishing performance, which we verified in several independent datasets. This diagnostic model was also adaptable to proteomic data. The combination of a prognostic risk model and classic clinical staging can effectively distinguish patients in highand low-risk groups. Furthermore, we systematically explore the differences in the immune microenvironment between the high-risk group and the low-risk group to help clinical decision-making. In summary, we systematically analyzed immunerelated genes in HCC, explored their functions, constructed a diagnostic and a prognostic model and investigated potential therapeutic schedules in high-risk patients. The model performance was verified in multiple databases. Our findings can provide directions for future research. Keywords Hepatocellular carcinoma · Bioinformatics · Immune microenvironment · Diagnostic model · Prognostic risk model · Immune therapy
Introduction HCC is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. The prognosis of HCC remains poor due to late diagnosis and the lack of effective treatments [1]. Further research on the mechanism and development of HCC, and new diagnostic and prognostic markers are needed to explore more therapeutic targets, improve patient survival and achieve personalized treatment [2]. The growth of HCC cells in vivo cannot be separated from the support of the immune microenvironment, which Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-020-02733-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Zuo‑jin Liu [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
has been shaped by the tumor [3]. Previous studies have identified many genes that play a key role in establishing the immune microenvironment, but their functions and regulatory mechanisms in HCC have not been systematically analyzed. In addition, an abnormal immune system affects HCC growth and response to treatment, suggesting that immune-related genes may be a prospective source of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and may pro
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