Systems Biology Approaches for Investigating the Relationship Between Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease
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Systems Biology Approaches for Investigating the Relationship Between Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Gemma M. Kirwan & Diego Diez & Jesper Z. Haeggström & Susumu Goto & Craig E. Wheelock
Published online: 16 November 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract Systems biology is an emerging field that offers promise in exploring the inter-connectivity and causality between biological pathways. This review focuses on systems biology approaches in cardiovascular disease and on the role of inflammatory lipid mediators in atherosclerosis. The basic concepts of systems biology are presented, with a focus on the integration of “omics” data from multiple technology platforms, applications of multivariate analysis, and network theory. A particular emphasis is placed on the role of multivariate statistics in analyzing data from omics platforms. An overview of selected systems biology-specific bioinformatics tools is provided, with a focus on applications that explore the role of lipids in cardiovascular systems. Systems biology offers the promise of increased insight into the biological pathways involved in cardiovascular disease and in unraveling the mechanistic relationships arising from lipid-artery interactions that lead to immune and inflammatory responses and the onset of disease. Keywords Systems biology . Lipidomics . Cardiovascular disease . Atherosclerosis . Lipid . Eicosanoid . Inflammation . Multivariate statistics . PCA . OPLS
G. M. Kirwan : D. Diez : S. Goto : C. E. Wheelock Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan J. Z. Haeggström : C. E. Wheelock (*) Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Systems biology is an emerging field that explores the inter-connectivity and functionality between components in a biological system in a holistic approach to understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Organisms are complex and a biological system cannot be explained by its constituents alone, but is reliant upon system level connections to make a whole organism. Although systems-based studies are not new, increased interest is being driven by advances in molecular biology and analytical chemistry combined with concomitant increases in high-performance computing and data acquisition. Systems biology focuses on the systematic study of interactions in biological organisms, often using highthroughput “omics” technologies, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, and aims to probe the shifts of a system not only in time, but also in distance (eg, the effects of one organ on another) [1]. A systems approach differs from a reductionist approach in that it does not focus on identifying a single gene, metabolite pathway, or mechanism, but rather examines the relationships between the components. In other words, it seeks to identify inter-connected biological networks in order to
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