Tailoring MXene-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Storage: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Tailoring MXene‑Based Materials for Sodium‑Ion Storage: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications Yao‑Jie Lei1 · Zi‑Chao Yan1 · Wei‑Hong Lai1 · Shu‑Lei Chou1 · Yun‑Xiao Wang1 · Hua‑Kun Liu1 · Shi‑Xue Dou1 Received: 20 January 2020 / Revised: 27 June 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2020
Abstract Advanced electrodes with excellent rate performance and cycling stability are in demand for the fast development of sodium storage. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as one of the most investigated subcategories of sodium storage related anodes due to their superior electron transfer capability, mechanical flexibility, and large specific surface areas. Recently, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), one type of the new 2D materials, are known to have competitive advantages in terms of high electroconductivity, terminal functional groups, large specific surface areas, tunable interlayer spacing, and remarkable safety. These advances endow MXenes and MXene-based materials with superior electrochemical performance when they are used as electrodes for sodium-ion storage. MXenes, however, share similar defects with other 2D materials, such as serious restacking and aggregation, which need to be improved in consideration of their further applications. In this review, we present the big family of MXenes and their synthetic methods. Furthermore, recent research reports related to progress on MXene-based materials for sodium storage are compiled, including materials design and reaction mechanisms in sodium-ion batteries and sodium metal batteries. Significantly, we discuss the challenges for existing MXene-based structures with respect to their future use as electrodes, such as low capacitance, aggregation, untenable termination groups, and unclear mechanisms, thereby providing guidance for future research on MXene-based materials for sodium-ion storage. Keywords 2D materials · MXenes · MXene-based materials · Sodium-ion batteries · Sodium-ion storage
1 Introduction To meet the sustainable development goals of mankind, achieving the widespread utilization of clean and renewable energy sources is a matter of cardinal significance [1]. Nowadays, however, it is still challenging to develop a promising technology to integrate cleaner resources for daily energy consumption [2, 3]. Among the various battery systems, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively utilized in portable smart devices and electrical vehicles, owing to their high energy density, excellent stability, and low maintenance * Wei‑Hong Lai [email protected] * Yun‑Xiao Wang [email protected] 1
Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
[4–6]. Nevertheless, the scarcity, high cost, and uneven distribution of Li resources detract from the feasibility of LIBs in large-scale energy storage [7–9]. Compared with LIBs, sodium-ion-ba
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