Techniques of lipid extraction from microalgae for biofuel production: a review
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REVIEW
Techniques of lipid extraction from microalgae for biofuel production: a review Sze Ying Lee1 · Ianatul Khoiroh2 · Dai‑Viet N. Vo3 · P. Senthil Kumar4 · Pau Loke Show2 Received: 11 August 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Microalgae are feedstocks for production of carbon-neutral biofuels. Efforts have been performed to market microalgae biofuels, yet the production of microalgae biofuel remains a challenge due to the high production cost and low product yield. In particular, lipid extraction is a critical step to be optimized. Here, we review lipid extraction technologies and cell lysis strategies. Extraction techniques involve solvents such as organic solvents, supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and switchable solvents. Advantages and shortcomings of solvents are discussed. Besides, strategies have been designed to reduce power costs by integration of unit operations in downstream processing. We present single-step processes for simultaneous cell lysis and lipid extraction, such as ultrasound-, microwave-, bead-beating-, surfactant- and pulsed electric field-assisted extractions. The lipid extraction yield is enhanced by incorporating cell disruption into the lipid extraction process. Keywords Microalgae · Biodiesel · Lipid · Extraction · Downstream processes Abbreviations ASE Accelerated solvent extraction DBU 1,8-Diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene DES Deep eutectic solvents IEA International Energy Agency IL Ionic liquids FAMEs Fatty acid methyl esters NADES Natural deep eutectic solvents PEF Pulsed electric field SC-CO2 Supercritical carbon dioxide * Sze Ying Lee [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
2
3
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603 110, India
SFE Supercritical fluid extraction SPS Switchable polarity solvents SHS Switchable hydrophilicity solvents [Amim]+ 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium cation [BF4]− Tetrafluoroborate anion [CH3SO3]− Methanesulfonate anion [C2mim]+ 1-Ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation [C4mim]+ 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation [CF3SO3]− Trifluoromethanesulfonate anion [DEP]− Diethylphosphate anion [EtSO4]− Ethyl sulfate anion [HSO4]− Hydrogen sulfate anion [MeSO4]− Methyl sulfate anion [OAc]− Acetate anion [PF6]− Hexafluorophosphate anion [SCN]− Thiocyanate anion [Tf2N]− Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion
Introduction Energy plays a primary role in improving the quality of human life. The rapid growth of
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