Temporal changes in rhizosphere biological soil quality indicators of wheat in response to nitrogen and straw incorporat
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International Society for Tropical Ecology
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Temporal changes in rhizosphere biological soil quality indicators of wheat in response to nitrogen and straw incorporation Swarnjeet Singh1 · Sandeep Sharma1 Received: 9 October 2019 / Revised: 28 June 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 © International Society for Tropical Ecology 2020
Abstract Soil health and sustainability of rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) in South Asia are possibly adversely influenced due to in-situ burning of large quantities of rice residues. Instead of burning, it is increasingly being advocated to incorporate the crop residues into the soil. In a field experiment, effects of four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg N h a− 1) as main-plots and four levels of rice straw (RS) incorporation (to a depth of 0.10–0.15 m) (0, 5, 7.5 and 10 t ha− 1) as sub-plots in split plot design were studied on soil enzymatic activities at two stages i.e. maximum tillering (MT) and flowering (FL) of wheat, and crop yield after 7 years. Activities of dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, phytase, urease, l-asparaginase, cellulase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, peroxidase and phenol oxidase enzymes and grain yield of wheat in the treatment receiving 120 kg N h a− 1 and 10 t h a− 1 RS incorporation were significantly higher than in the control (without N and RS incorporation). The enzyme activities except peroxidase and phenol oxidase were dominated in rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, and at MT rather than at FL stage. Principal component analysis revealed that l-asparaginase, and phenol oxidase activities can be used as the most sensitive and reliable indicators for assessing soil quality under RWCS when rice residues are incorporated into the soil. Keywords Bulk soil · Nitrogen application · Rhizosphere soil · Rice residue incorporation · Soil enzymes
Introduction The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is spread on 13.5 million ha in South Asia and is a major cropping system for food security, employment, income and livelihood for millions of people in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia (Gupta and Seth 2007; Jat et al. 2014). In northwestern India, farmers practising RWCS often prefer to burn crop residues after harvesting rice and before planting wheat in November every year. Nearly 25 million tonnes of rice residues are burned annually in the north-western India causing serious environmental pollution, loss of nutrients like N and sulphur and adversely affecting soil health due Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-020-00092-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sandeep Sharma [email protected] 1
Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
to changes in microbial and enzyme activities in the soil (Yadvinder-Singh and Sidhu 2014; NAAS 2017; Saikia et al. 2019, 2020). Along with indiscriminate use of mineral fer
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