Tetragonal tungsten bronze/barium hexaferrite room-temperature multiferroic composite ceramics
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Tetragonal tungsten bronze/barium hexaferrite room‑temperature multiferroic composite ceramics Thameur Hajlaoui1 · Mohsen Elain Hajlaoui2 · Michaël Josse3 · Essebti Dhahri2 · Alain Pignolet1 Received: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The spontaneously formed multiferroic composite based on tetragonal tungsten bronze structure was successfully synthesized in the form of ceramics by the solid-state reaction. The crystallization of the ceramics in the tetragonal tungsten bronze structure Ba2SmFeNb4O15 and the presence of a secondary magnetic phase of barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 were established by structural investigation. The hysteresis behavior describing the polarization as a function of an applied electric field and the high ferroelectric Curie temperature ≈ 417 K evidenced the room-temperature ferroelectric properties of the synthesized material. While the piezoelectric coefficients were determined to be around 1.3 pm/V, the microscopic polar domains of the composite ceramics were established by microelectromechanical study. The hysteresis loop of the magnetization versus magnetic field and the high magnetic transition temperature ≈ 590 K evidenced the ferromagnetic properties of the secondary phase and its presence at room temperature. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the magnetic domains was determined microscopically. In this study, not only the multiferroic properties of the Ba2SmFeNb4O15/BaFe12O19 composites have been studied and presented, but the distribution of the polar and magnetic properties was locally investigated as well. Keywords Composite · Room-temperature multiferroic · Electromechanical properties · Polar domains · Magnetic domains
1 Introduction Recently, multiferroic/multifunctional materials have attracted the interest of scientists due to their rich properties and their potential use in a wide range of advanced applications [1–5]. Especially, materials with double ferroic ordering, in particular exhibiting ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties [6–8], are widely investigated because of their potential use in various applications [9, 10], including new generations of non-volatile integrated memories [11–13]. In order to overcome the issue of the scarcity of singlephase multiferroic materials, especially at the ambient
temperature and above, several strategies have been adopted in order to develop new multiferroic materials at room temperature [14–17]. One of the most efficient ways is to synthesize composites materials formed by ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phases, which allows the use of a large variety of ferroelectric/piezoelectric and magnetic material couples, having both good ferroelectric and good ferromagnetic properties [5, 18–21]. An important issue with composites is the chemical compatibility of the targeted phases, and the formation of secondary phases (or of interphases) can be complex and challenging [22, 23]. Tetragonal tungsten bronzes (TTB) are a class of materials having a crystal structure consi
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