The association of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga frequency with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study from Singapore
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EPIDEMIOLOGY • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The association of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga frequency with sleep quality: a cross-sectional study from Singapore Robert A. Sloan 1
&
Divya Kanchibhotla 2
Received: 21 August 2020 / Revised: 25 October 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose There is a dearth of evidence for the relationship between yogic breathing and sleep quality. Even less is known about practice frequency and benefit. We investigated the association of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga frequency with sleep quality amongst adult practitioners. Methods In a cross-sectional investigation on adult practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga in Singapore, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. Sleep quality was examined across three categories of practice frequency (monthly, weekly, daily). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine association. Results Of 385 adults (241 women), the mean age (SD) was 42.5 (9.9) years. In total, 32% of the sample (n = 124) was identified as having poor SQ. After adjusting for study covariates, independent analyses revealed an inverse association for higher frequency of practice and lower odds of poor SQ (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.28–0.94). The p for trend was 0.03. Conclusion The practice of yogic breathing may benefit sleep quality. Further experimental investigations are warranted. Keywords Sudarshan Kriya Yoga . Breathing exercises . Sleep quality . Observational . Asia
Introduction Sleep is a modifiable health behavior associated with morbidity, mortality, and quality of life [1–3]. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep quality (SQ) may be critical to public health, and the World Health Organization recently asserted that poor SQ might be a growing epidemic [2, 4–6]. SQ encompasses the perception of one’s whole sleep experience (i.e., duration, disturbance, latency), and recent investigations in the Asian city-state of Singapore have shown poor SQ to be a pervasive health problem in adult populations [3, 7, 8]. One potential mechanism linked to poor SQ is the chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system attributed to modern stressors (i.e., light pollution, digital media, sedentary lifestyle, diet) [4, 9, 10]. Given the collective and ubiquitous
* Robert A. Sloan [email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-00016492-8623 1
Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
2
Sri Sri Institute for Advanced Research, Bangalore, India
nature of modern stressors, accessible intervention strategies may be useful for promoting better SQ [3, 7, 9, 10]. Bin recently asserted that interventions to improve SQ might help most individuals but to varying degrees [4]. This view was broadly supported in a systematic review that concluded that some mind-body interventions (i.e., Yoga, Tai Chi, Qigong, mindfulness) might improve SQ in some adults [10]. The review was challenging to conduct because of the numerous types and practice frequen
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