The behavioral ecology and distribution of leptocephali: marine fish larvae with unforeseen abilities
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REVIEW, CONCEPT, AND SYNTHESIS
The behavioral ecology and distribution of leptocephali: marine fish larvae with unforeseen abilities Michael J. Miller1,2 · Katsumi Tsukamoto1,2 Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Leptocephali are the unique larvae of eels and their relatives of the teleost superorder Elopomorpha that have remained poorly understood despite their ubiquitous presence at tropical to temperate latitudes. This review examines recent advancements in understanding the behavioral ecology and distribution of leptocephali. Their regional distributions and abundance are determined by when and where the adults spawn and seemingly if the larvae use active behavior for retention, passively drift, or swim actively to facilitate recruitment, but there is little direct evidence about their possible use of dispersal/retention or swimming behaviors. They typically reside within or above the thermocline at night offshore (
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