The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia
The Caspian Sea is a unique natural feature, the world’s largest landlocked water body. Historically the Caspian was one of the key zones where the interests of great powers such as Russia, Britain and Persia clashed. And the reason was and still is
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Igor S. Zonn · Andrey G. Kostianoy · Aleksey N. Kosarev · Michael H. Glantz
The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia
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Prof. Igor S. Zonn Engineering Scientific-Production Center for Water Economy Reclamation & Ecology Baumanskaya Str. 43/1 Moscow Russia 105005 [email protected]
Prof. Andrey G. Kostianoy Russian Academy of Sciences P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology 36, Nakhimovsky Pr. Moscow Russia 117997 [email protected]
Prof. Aleksey N. Kosarev Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Geography Dept. Oceanology Vorobjovy Gory Moscow Russia 119992 [email protected]
Prof. Michael H. Glantz Consortium for Capacity Building INSTAAR University of Colorado 1560 30th St Campus Box 450 Boulder, Colorado 80309-0450 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-11523-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-11524-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-11524-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922066 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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