The correlation between the Th17/Treg cell balance and bone health
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REVIEW
Open Access
The correlation between the Th17/Treg cell balance and bone health Lei Zhu, Fei Hua* , Wenge Ding, Kai Ding, Yige Zhang and Chenyang Xu
Abstract With the ageing of the world population, osteoporosis has become a problem affecting quality of life. According to the traditional view, the causes of osteoporosis mainly include endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders and mechanical factors. However, in recent years, the immune system and immune factors have been shown to play important roles in the occurrence and development of osteoporosis. Among these components, regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper 17 (Th17) cells are crucial for maintaining bone homeostasis, especially osteoclast differentiation. Treg cells and Th17 cells originate from the same precursor cells, and their differentiation requires involvement of the TGF-β regulated signalling pathway. Treg cells and Th17 cells have opposite functions. Treg cells inhibit the differentiation of osteoclasts in vivo and in vitro, while Th17 cells promote the differentiation of osteoclasts. Therefore, understanding the balance between Treg cells and Th17 cells is anticipated to provide a new idea for the development of novel treatments for osteoporosis. Keywords: Regulatory T cells, Helper T cell 17, Balance, Osteoclasts, Osteoporosis, Bone immunology
Introduction Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by a decrease in the bone mineral content and destruction of the bone microstructure, which increases the fragility of bone and the incidence of fracture [1]. According to the traditional view, the occurrence of osteoporosis is associated with endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders and mechanical factors, especially oestrogen deficiency. However, osteoporosis is also considered a chronic inflammatory bone disease [2]. In recent years, research on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has been extended to address the interaction between the skeletal system and the immune system. Many studies have demonstrated that immune disorders can cause many skeletal diseases [3]. Since Arron and Choi proposed the concept of osteoimmunology in 2000, this cross-disciplinary field has attracted great interest and attention [4]. In this review, we introduce the correlation between bone loss and Treg cells as well as Th17 cells. In addition, * Correspondence: [email protected] The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, China
the impact of the balance between Treg cells and Th17 cells on osteoporosis is presented. Moreover, we summarize the relevant factors that affect the Th17/Treg cell balance, aiming to provide new ideas for the treatment of osteoporosis in the future. Immunological factors of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis patients usually show an increase in bone turnover, which leads to an imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation [1]. Bone development is a process of dynamic balance that is achieved by bone remodelling. Bone remodelling is a process during which bone function co
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