The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE Model on Oral Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Hookah Users
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The Effect of an Educational Intervention Based on PRECEDE Model on Oral Cancer Prevention Behaviors in Hookah Users Ali Khani Jeihooni 1 & Pooyan Afzali Harsini 2
# American Association for Cancer Education 2019
Abstract Educational intervention about oral cancer prevention is essential for all people, especially in hookah users. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE model on oral cancer prevention in hookah users living in Fasa, Fars Province, Iran, in 2017–2018. In this quasi-experimental study, 360 hookah users were selected and divided into experimental and control groups (180 subjects for each group). Educational intervention was performed for experimental group in 12 sessions. A questionnaire consisting of items evaluating demographic information and PRECEDE model constructs (knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors) was used to measure oral cancer prevention behaviors and nicotine dependency of subjects before and 6 months after intervention. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software through paired t test, independent t test, and chi-square test at significance level of P < 0.05. Six months after intervention, experimental group showed significant increase in knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, enabling factors, reinforcing factors, oral cancer prevention behaviors, and reduction of nicotine dependency compared with control group. This study showed the efficiency of educational intervention based on PRECEDE model in adoption of oral cancer prevention behaviors and reduction of nicotine dependency of hookah users 6 months after intervention. Keywords Hookah users . Nicotine dependency . Oral cancer . PRECEDE model . Reinforcing factors
Introduction Background Today, cancer is recognized as one of the most significant reasons of death around the world and every year, more than 10 million infections and 6 million deaths caused by cancers are reported [1]. Due to the recent developments in diagnosis and treatment of cancers, survival of patients suffering from breast, colon, and ovary cancers has been increased. However, during the past 50 years, survival of patients suffering from oral cancer has not been changed [2].
* Ali Khani Jeihooni [email protected]; [email protected] Pooyan Afzali Harsini [email protected] 1
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa Ibn Sina square, Fasa 7461686688, Iran
2
Department of Public Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Oral cancer is one of the prevalent cancers and one of the top ten reasons of deaths around the world [3]. It includes malignant neoplasms inside the month and tumors on lips, tongue, gum, hard and soft palates, tonsils, salivary glands, oropharynx, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx [4]. Tobacco, alcohol, improper diet, viruses, genetic factors, family history, and immunodeficiency are important factors in indication of oral cancer [5]. In developing
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