The Effect of Exercise Training on Lower T runk Muscle Morphology
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The Effect of Exercise Training on Lower Trunk Muscle Morphology Behnaz Shahtahmassebi • Jeffrey J. Hebert Norman J. Stomski • Mark Hecimovich • Timothy J. Fairchild
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Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
Abstract Background Skeletal muscle plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the lumbar region. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the effects of exercise on trunk muscle morphology. Objective To systematically review the literature on the effects of exercise training on lower trunk muscle morphology to determine the comparative effectiveness of different exercise interventions. Data Source and Study Selection A systematic search strategy was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, SportDiscus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and PEDro. We included full, peer-reviewed, prospective longitudinal studies, including randomized controlled trials and single-group designs, such as pre- to post-intervention and crossover studies, reporting on the effect of exercise training on trunk muscle morphology. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Study quality was assessed with the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. We classified each exercise intervention into four categories, based on the primary exercise approach: motor control, machine-based resistance, non-machine-based resistance or cardiovascular.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0213-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. B. Shahtahmassebi J. J. Hebert (&) M. Hecimovich T. J. Fairchild School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, SS2.015, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia e-mail: [email protected] N. J. Stomski School of Health Professions, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Treatment effects were estimated using within-group standardized mean differences (SMDs). Results The systematic search identified 1,911 studies; of which 29 met our selection criteria: motor control (n = 12), machine-based resistance (n = 10), nonmachine-based resistance (n = 5) and cardiovascular (n = 2). Fourteen studies (48 %) reported an increase in trunk muscle size following exercise training. Among positive trials, the largest effects were reported by studies testing combined motor control and non-machine-based resistance exercise (SMD [95 % CI] = 0.66 [0.06 to 1.27] to 3.39 [2.80 to 3.98]) and machine-based resistance exercise programmes (SMD [95 % CI] = 0.52 [0.01 to 1.03] to 1.79 [0.87 to 2.72]). Most studies investigating the effects of non-machine-based resistance exercise reported no change in trunk muscle morphology, with one study reporting a medium effect on trunk muscle size (SMD [95 % CI] = 0.60 [0.03 to 1.16]). Cardiovascular exercise interventions demonstrated no effect on trunk muscle morphology (SMD [95 % CI] = -0.16 [-1.14 to 0.81] to 0.09 [-0.83 to 1.01]). Limitations We excluded studies published in languages other than English, and therefore it is possible that the resul
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