The Effect of Exercise Training on the Energetic Cost of Cycling
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
The Effect of Exercise Training on the Energetic Cost of Cycling David Montero1 • Carsten Lundby1,2
Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract Background and Objective The energetic cost of cycling (CE) is a major contributor to cycling performance but whether CE can be improved by exercise intervention remains uncertain. Here, we sought to systematically review and determine the effect of exercise training on CE in healthy humans. Methods MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched since their inceptions up until December 2014 for articles assessing the effect of exercise training in healthy subjects on CE, as determined by cycling economy or efficiency. Meta-analyses were performed to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) in CE between postand pre-training measurements. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to evaluate potential moderating/confounding factors. Results Fifty-one studies were included after systematic review, comprising a total of 531 healthy subjects (mean age = 20–66 years). Exercise interventions primarily consisted of endurance and/or strength training ranging from 4 to 34 weeks of duration. After data pooling, the meta-analysis revealed that CE was improved with strength training alone or along with endurance training (n = 16,
SMD = -0.50, P \ 0.0001) but not with endurance training alone (n = 33, SMD = -0.18, P = 0.08). In further subgroup analyses, endurance training alone was effective in improving CE in previously untrained (n = 20, SMD = -0.21, P = 0.04) but not in trained (n = 6, SMD = 0.09, P = 0.75) subjects. The SMD in CE was associated with the duration of training (n = 51, B = -0.03, P = 0.0002). Conclusion The current meta-analysis provides evidence that CE is improved by exercise training, particularly when strength training or untrained subjects are included.
Key Points The energetic cost of cycling may be improved by exercise training in healthy humans. Exercise programs including strength training improve the energetic cost of cycling in previously trained or untrained subjects. Endurance training is only effective at improving the energetic cost of cycling in previously untrained subjects.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0380-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & David Montero [email protected] 1
2
Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Office 23 J 64, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
1 Introduction Humans exhibit a gain in oxygen uptake (VO2) of 14–25 mLmin-1W-1 during submaximal cycle ergometer exercise [1–18], which roughly corresponds to 12–21 % mechanical efficiency as determined by the ratio of
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external work to total energy expenditure [19]. In the context of any activity limited by the capacity to
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