Combination effect of exercise training and eugenol supplementation on the hippocampus apoptosis induced by chlorpyrifos
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Combination effect of exercise training and eugenol supplementation on the hippocampus apoptosis induced by chlorpyrifos Sina Nikbin1 · Armin Derakhshideh1 · Foad Kanozi1 · Mahsa Hozouri Tarighe2 · Somayeh Niknia1 · Zohreh Khojasteh1 · Mosa Barzegar Rahatlo1 · Niloufar Mousavi1 · Elham Ghodousi Johari1 · Yasaman Arabi1 · Tayebeh Afshar1 · Hedyeh Tousi3 · Seyed Behnamedin Jameie4 · Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani1,4 Received: 2 March 2020 / Accepted: 17 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the combination effect of exercise training and eugenol supplementation on the hippocampus apoptosis induced by CPF. 64 adult male albino rats were randomly selected and devided into eight groups of eight including: control, exercise (EXE), chlorpyrifos (CPF), Control + Oil (Co + Oil), Control + DMSO (Co + DMSO), chlorpyrifos + eugenol (CPF + Sup), chlorpyrifos + exercise (CPF + Exe) and, chlorpyrifos + exercise + eugenol (CPF + Exe + Eu). Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection (5 days a week) of 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in DMSO for 6 consecutive weeks. The exercise groups performed aerobic 5 days per week over 4 weeks. Eugenol were administered by gavage. Finally, the animals were sacrificed using C O2 gas (a half of the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and then perfused) to evaluate hippocampus histology and parameters. The results of this study showed that CPF injection significantly decreased BDNF, AChE and ATP in CA1 area of the hippocampus (p ˂ 0.05). Also, CA1 apoptosis by tunnel assay, it was found that CPF receiving groups with different dosage, showed a significant increase compared to other groups, which was confirmed by increasing cytochrome C and procaspase-3 in CPF groups (p ˂ 0.05). The result of this study show that 4 weeks of exercise training and eugenol supplementation does not improve the destructive effects of CPF in CA1 area of the hippocampus. As a result, it is recommended that future studies longer periods for treatment with exercise and eugenol supplementation. Keywords Hippocampus · Chlorpyrifos · Exercise · Eugenol · Apoptosis · BDNF
Introduction Increased apoptosis of brain cells is responsible for inducing degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer’s disease [1]. Because, studies have shown that * Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani [email protected] 1
Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Post Office Box 1955847781, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr Branch, Bushehr, Iran
4
Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
in Alzheimer’s disease characteristics of apoptosis in the nerve cells increase [2, 3]. Among the initiating and stimulating factors for apoptosis in the nerve cells is
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