The Effect of Interface Morphology on the Electro-Mechanical Properties of Ti/Cu Clad Composites Produced by Explosive W
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ODUCTION
LAYERED composites with built-in functionalities are attractive materials for many industrial applications because they offer an optimum balance between manufacturing and service costs, and the durability to perform under their conditions of use. For example, bi- and multi-layer materials composed of reactive metals are used in power,[1] chemical,[2,3] and shipbuilding[4–7] industries, where corrosive wear of equipment is a significant problem. Many material issues related to the use of hydrogen as a fuel can also be solved by the use of layer composites based on reactive metals.[8] For clads used in electro-technical applications, the proper combination of low resistivity and high strength is needed. Copper-titanium (Cu/Ti) composites are one of HENRYK PAUL, WOJCIECH SKUZA, ROBERT CHULIST, MAGDALENA MISZCZYK, and JANUSZ PSTRUS´ are with the Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krako´w, Poland. Contact e-mail: [email protected] ALEKSANDER GAŁKA is with the ZTW Explomet, 100H Os´ wie˛cimska St., 45-641 Opole, Poland. MARIUSZ _ PRAZMOWSKI is with the Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanics, 5 Mikołajczyka St., 45-271 Opole, Poland. Manuscript submitted February 19, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
the industrially relevant two-layered materials used in this field. Since Cu/Ti has excellent conductivity (even in corrosive environments), it is widely used as busbars to supply current in galvanizing lines or as anodes in various electrolysis processes.[9,10] A variety of methods have been used for the effective joining of Cu and Ti.[11–18] However, only explosive welding (EXW) has the potential to produce large, full-sized plated coatings of varying thickness[19] at a reasonable price. EXW is a solid-state processing technique that uses controlled explosive energy to bond two or more dissimilar metals. However, due to its sudden and rapid reaction, it is difficult to predict the structural transformations occurring near the interface and their impact on clad properties. For EXW sheets, the process is based on their collision at high velocities caused by the controlled detonation of an explosive charge.[20,21] The distance between the sheets allows acceleration of the flyer plate, the flyer plate bending, and oblique collision with the base plate (Figure 1). The flyer plate movement initiates the formation of a jet of heated gases that removes oxides from the joint area. The oblique collision combined with fast heating and local melting under very high pressure followed by rapid cooling leads to extensive microstructure changes in the areas near the EXW plate joints. Such conditions lead to interface
Fig. 1—Schematic sketch of the EXW process: (a) Initial setup showing the parallel geometry of the plates, (b) EXW in progress—bending of the flyer plate, (c) joined plates. (d) Changes near the collision point/line. (e) Final Ti/Cu clad with marked ignition area (VD—detonation velocity, ho—stand-off distance). The sample for microstructural and mechanical anal
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