The Effect of Soil Type on Gaseous Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields in Portugal
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The Effect of Soil Type on Gaseous Emissions from Flooded Rice Fields in Portugal José L. S. Pereira 1,2 & Corina Carranca 3 & João Coutinho 4 & Henrique Trindade 2 Received: 9 December 2019 / Accepted: 30 March 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Overall rice cultivation in Europe occurs under flooding conditions to control soil temperature, weeds, and pests. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of sandy and clay soils on ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) emissions from flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. A 2-year rice field experiment was conducted in two different soils (sandy and clay soil) during two consecutive seasons in central Portugal. Soil mineral N dynamics and gas fluxes were followed between rice sowing (May) and harvest (October) dates. The NH3 fluxes were measured by the dynamic chamber technique while the N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes were measured by the closed chamber technique. Ammonia and N2O emissions did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the two soils and were about 10% and 1.5% of the N applied, respectively. In clay soil, CO2 emissions were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 65% and CH4 emissions were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in 36% relative to sandy soil. The global warming potential (GWP) and yield-scaled GWP were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the two soils. The yield-scaled NH3 from clay soil was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 29% relative to sandy soil. The present study suggests that NH3 losses and global warming potential from flooded rice are quite similar among the sandy and clay soil. However, the yield-scaled NH3 was significantly higher in clay soil, in relation with a highest concentration of available ammonium in the solution, while yield-scaled global warming potential was not significantly different among the two soils. Keywords Ammonia . Carbon dioxide . Methane . Nitrous oxide . Paddy soil . Rice crop . Yield-scaled
1 Introduction Rice is the main staple food for more than half of the global population and Portugal is the fourth producer of European continent, with 28,000 ha of cultivated area by intermittent flooding (multiple aeration), with one growing season per year (Pereira et al. 2013). The climatic variables, rice ecosystem type, water management regime, type and amount of organic
* José L. S. Pereira [email protected] 1
Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal
2
CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
3
Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
4
Chemistry Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
amendments, and soil type may have great influence on ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) emissions (Aulakh et al. 2001a; Gorh and Baruah 2019; Guo et a
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