The effects of a short-term exposure to propiconazole in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effects of a short-term exposure to propiconazole in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos Feng Zhao 1 & Fangjie Cao 1 & Hui Li 1 & Miaomiao Teng 1 & Yong Liang 1 & Lihong Qiu 1 Received: 16 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Propiconazole (PCZ) is a widely used fungicide around the world and was frequently detected in surface waters, which would pose risk to aquatic organisms. Previous studies indicated that PCZ has high toxicity to different kinds of fish. However, most of the studies focus on the toxicity and mechanisms of PCZ to adult fish, the potential toxicity mechanism of PCZ to fish embryos is still poorly understood. The present study investigated the effects of PCZ on content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA); activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and Na+-K+-ATPase; and expression level of genes related to oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and innate immune system in zebrafish embryos after 96-h exposure. The results showed that 5.0 mg/L PCZ induced oxidative damage in zebrafish embryos, as indicated by increased ROS and MDA content and alteration of antioxidative enzyme activity. The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in zebrafish embryos was significantly inhibited after exposure to 0.5 mg/L PCZ. The expression levels of bax, p53, casp-3, casp-9, and apaf-1 were significantly increased, indicating that cell apoptosis was caused in embryos by 5.0 mg/L PCZ. The expression level of interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and IL-8 increased after exposure to 0.5 mg/L PCZ, but that of IL-1b, IL-8, and cxcl-c1c (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 18b) decreased in 5.0-mg/L PCZ treatment group, indicating an immunotoxicity effect. Our results suggest that oxidative damage, cell apoptosis, and immunotoxicity would be induced in zebrafish embryos after short-term exposure to PCZ. Keywords Propiconazole . Danio rerio . Zebrafish embryos . Oxidative stress . Cell apoptosis . Immunotoxicity
Introduction Propiconazole (PCZ) is a triazole fungicide that has been broadly used in agriculture around the world (Egaas et al. 1999). There is concern about the wide application of PCZ and its possible detrimental effects on the health status of aquatic organisms that may arise from spray drift or surface run-off (Konwick et al. 2006). Several studies reported that PCZ would remain in the environment for a long time after being used, with a higher frequency of detection in surface waters, which may pose risk to aquatic species. For example, in inland surface waters of southern Sweden, PCZ was one of the most frequently detected pesticides with a detection
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Lihong Qiu [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
frequency greater than 90% (Ahrens et al. 2018). The concentration of PCZ in the Mekong River delta in Vietnam was between 0.5 and 4.76 μg/L with a detection frequency of 39.2% (Chau et a
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