The Effects of Early Pain Experience in Neonates on Pain Responses in Infancy and Childhood
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REVIEW ARTICLE
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The Effects of Early Pain Experience in Neonates on Pain Responses in Infancy and Childhood Anna Taddio1,2 and Joel Katz3,4,5 1 2 3 4 5
Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychology and School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Contents Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 1. Pain Measurement in Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 2. Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 2.1 Birth Experience and Subsequent Pain Responses in Full-Term Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 2.2 Neonatal Surgery and Subsequent Pain Behaviors in Full-Term Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 2.3 Surgery in Early Infancy and Subsequent Pain Behaviors in Full-Term Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 2.4 Pathologic Conditions in Full-Term and Preterm Neonates and Subsequent Pain Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 2.5 Prolonged Hospitalization and Repeated Painful Procedures in Full-Term and Preterm Neonates, and Pain Behaviors Later in Infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 2.6 Pain Responses in Former Preterm Infants After Discharge from Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 2.7 Conditioning and Pain Responses in Full-Term and Preterm Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 3. Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Abstract
Iatrogenic pain is commonplace in newborn infants yet we know very little about its long-term effects. This article r
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