The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Biomarkers: New Insights, Recent Data, and Applications
The benefit of regular exercise or physical activity with appropriate intensity on improving cardiopulmonary function and endurance has long been accepted with less controversy. The challenge remains, however, quantitatively evaluate the effect of exercis
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The Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular Biomarkers: New Insights, Recent Data, and Applications Lin Che and Dong Li
Abstract The benefit of regular exercise or physical activity with appropriate intensity on improving cardiopulmonary function and endurance has long been accepted with less controversy. The challenge remains, however, quantitatively evaluate the effect of exercise on cardiovascular health due in part to the amount and intensity of exercise varies widely plus lack of effective, robust and efficient biomarker evaluation systems. Better evaluating the overall function of biomarker and validate biomarkers utility in cardiovascular health should improve the evidence regarding the benefit or the effect of exercise or physical activity on cardiovascular health, in turn increasing the efficiency of the biomarker on individuals with mild to moderate cardiovascular risk. In this review, beyond traditional cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory factors, we systemic reviewed the latest novel biomarkers in metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, and molecular imaging mainly focus on heart health, as well as cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Furthermore, we highlight the state-of-the-art biomarker developing techniques and its application in the field of heart health. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of physical activity and exercise on key biomarkers in molecular basis and practical considerations. Keywords Exercise • Cardiovascular disease • Heart health • Biomarkers
L. Che (*) Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tingyi Hospital, Tingyi University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China e-mail: [email protected] D. Li Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90502, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 J. Xiao (ed.), Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 999, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_3
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L. Che and D. Li
1 Introduction 1.1 Biomarker—What Is Answered? In the biomedical field, the biomarker is generally considered as a kind of bioindicator, which usually obtained from patient’s bio-samples, and can be qualitatively or quantitatively measured by the clinical assay/testing equipment [1–4]. There are diverse categories of biomarkers per the source of the sample, application, assay methods, and even the stability of biomarkers. A biomarker can be gathered from the healthy person [5] and the sick patients’ biological sample, for example, urine, blood, tissue biopsy specimens and so on [6–8]. Besides, a biomarker can be obtained from a clinical record, a combination of laboratory and clinical tests, for example, blood pressure, glucose and lipid components in serum, or biomarker can be gathered from imaging tests (ECG, echocardiogram, cardiac CT scan). To date, from the practical point of view, biomarker increasingly plays an important role in translating of highly promisi
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