The effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on AGEs and sRAGE in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on AGEs and sRAGE in type 2 diabetes mellitus Asuman Kurt & Gülnur Andican & Zeynep Oşar Siva & Ahat Andican & Gülden Burcak
Received: 23 March 2015 / Accepted: 28 June 2016 / Published online: 22 July 2016 # University of Navarra 2016
Abstract In diabetes mellitus, chronic hyperglycemia leads to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Binding of AGEs to receptors of AGE (RAGE) causes deleterious effects. In populations with a high consumption of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, a lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been reported. We aimed to investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on the levels of AGEs (carboxymethyl lysine (CML) and pentosidine), sRAGE, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM patients (n = 38) treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, without insulin were supplemented with n-3 fatty acids (1.2 g/day) for 2 months. Plasma CML, pentosidine, sRAGE, and NFkB levels were measured by ELISA both before and after the supplementation. n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced fasting glucose (p < 0.01), glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) (p < 0.05), and pentosidine (p < 0.05) levels. The supplementation induced
percentage changes in pentosidine and HbA1c and in pentosidine and creatinine were observed to be correlated (r = 0.349, p < 0.05) and (r = 0.377, p < 0.05), respectively. Waist circumference and systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly decreased due to n-3 supplementation (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.01), respectively. Our results show that supplementation with n-3 fatty acid has beneficial effects on waist circumference; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and the levels of glucose, HbA1c, and pentosidine in T2DM patients. However, the supplementation failed to decrease these parameters to the reference ranges for healthy subjects. In addition, the supplementation did not appear to induce any significant differences in CML, sRAGE, or NF-kB. Keywords n-3 long-chain fatty acids . AGE . RAGE . NF-kB . Type 2 diabetes
Introduction
: G. Andican
(*) : G. Burcak
A. Kurt Department of Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] Z. O. Siva Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey A. Andican Department of General Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on various tissues increase rapidly in chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus. Hyperlipidemia also contributes to this uncontrolled, non-enzymatic process of advanced glycation, consisting of heterogeneous and complex chemical reactions, oxidation being an important component [9]. Extracellular AGEs bind to cell-surface receptors (RAGE) in a variety of cells including endothelial, mesangial, monocytic, neuronal, and sm
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