The embryological insight into the relationship between Forsythia and Abeliophyllum (Forsythieae, Oleaceae)
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REGULAR PAPER – TAXONOMY/PHYLOGENETICS/EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
The embryological insight into the relationship between Forsythia and Abeliophyllum (Forsythieae, Oleaceae) Balkrishna Ghimire1 · Dabin Yum1 · Jae Hyeun Kim1 · Mi Jin Jeong1 Received: 5 January 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 © The Botanical Society of Japan 2020
Abstract Forsythia saxatilis, a Korean native Forsythia, is recognized as an endangered species in the Korean Red List. We carried out a comprehensive embryological investigation, including a study of the pericarp development, of F. saxatilis and compared it with previously acquired information on the family Oleaceae and also with Abeliophyllum distichum, a close relative of Forsythia. Our results revealed that several embryological features of Forsythia are exclusively comparable with the family Oleaceae, particularly in relation to A. distichum. Despite the differences in fruit types and pericarp ontogeny, Forsythia shares some unique embryological features with Abeliophyllum, for instance the basic type of anther wall development, formation of the nucellar cap, a long micropyle, formation of the obturator and hypostase, and the crushed endotesta. Furthermore, the loculicidal capsule of Forsythia seems to be primitive within the tribe Forsythieae and samara of Abeliophyllum might be evolved from it. In conclusion, a considerable number of synapomorphies of embryological characters supports recent molecular reports and provide additional embryological evidence for the sister-group relationship of Forsythia and Abeliophyllum. Keywords Abeliophyllum · Embryology · Forsythia · Oleaceae · Pericarp development
Introduction The importance of embryological characters in plant taxonomy has often been disputed (Herr 1984; Maheshwari 1963; Maheshwari and Kapil 1966; Palser 1975). Previously however, the plant systematists have recognized the usefulness of embryological information in clarifying the position of certain problematic families (Tobe 1989). Even in recent years embryological features have been widely used as evidence of similarity and distinctness within section, tribe, or family (de Olivera and De-paula 2017; Tobe 2015; Tobe and Raven 2008, 2010; Tobe and Takahashi 2009; Yamamoto et al. 2014, 2016). In addition, some embryological characters, either individually or in combination with contemporary DNA sequence data, have helped to provide broad knowledge on the evolutionary framework of angiosperm families (Albach et al. 2001; Endress 2011; Rudall et al. 2008; Tobe and Kadokawa 2010). Although many embryological features can currently be used in systematic studies, * Mi Jin Jeong [email protected] 1
Division of Plant Resources, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11186, Korea
adequate embryological information for many families and genera is still lacking. The Oleaceae is one of the most poorly investigated families from an embryological point of view. Only fragmented embryological data are available in the literature (Anderson 1931; Bhargava 1980; Davis 1966; Ghimire and Heo 2014; Ghi
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