The Evolving Landscape of Liver Cirrhosis Management
This book comprehensively covers the latest developments in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis, including molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. It elaborates on and explores the relation between chronic liver disease (CLD) and its c
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The Evolving Landscape of Liver Cirrhosis Management
Hitoshi Yoshiji • Kosuke Kaji Editors
The Evolving Landscape of Liver Cirrhosis Management
Editors Hitoshi Yoshiji Third Department of Internal Medicine Nara Medical University Kashihara Nara Japan
Kosuke Kaji Third Department of Internal Medicine Nara Medical University Kashihara Nara Japan
ISBN 978-981-13-7663-4 ISBN 978-981-13-7979-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7979-6 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
Liver cirrhosis is the irreversible fibrosis of the liver, the end stage of a final shared pathway in chronic damage to a major vital organ. It is the 9th leading cause of death in Japan and the 13th leading cause of death globally, with worldwide mortality having increased by 45.6% from 1990 to 2013. Currently, the patients with compensated cirrhosis take a risk of death that is 4.7 times as high as the risk in the healthy population, and those with decompensated cirrhosis take a risk that is 9.7 times as high. The average life expectancy of a patient with compensated cirrhosis is 10–13 years, and the average life expectancy may be as low as 2 years if there is decompensation. Recent developments of antiviral therapies, including nucleotide analogues and direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis B and C, lead to significant leap forward in clinical medicine for liver cirrhosis; however, a critical issue is an increase in the number of non-B, non-C cirrhosis cases in Japan. Cirrhosis is not a single disease entity but is based on various etiologies such as alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepati
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