The Geochemistry of Manganese and Manganese Nodules in the Ocean
Manganese nodules were first discovered on the ocean floor 160 miles south-west of the Canary Islands on February 18, 1803, during the first complex oceano logical cruise of the Challenger. They surprised researchers by their unusual shape and also by th
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SEDIMENTOLOGY AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
The Geochemistry of Manganese and Manganese Nodules in the Ocean G. N. Baturin Institute of Oceanology Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R.
D. Reidel Publishing Company A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster / Tokyo
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Baturin, G. N. (Gleb Nikolaevich) The geochemistry of manganese nodules in the ocean. (Sedimentology and petroleum geology) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Manganese. 2. Manganese nodules. 3. Geochemistry. I. Title. II. Series. QE 516.M6B38 1987 553.4'629 87-16309 ISBN -13: 978-94-010-8167-2 e-ISBN-13 :978-94-009-3731-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3731-4
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland.
All Rights Reserved © 1988 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Sof tcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction PART I.
IX
MARINE GEOCHEMISTRY OF DISPERSED MANGANESE
CHAPTER I. MANGANESE SUPPLY TO THE OCEAN Manganese in river Discharge Manganese in the Atmosphere Cosmogenic Manganese Volcanogenic and Hydrothermal Manganese
3 3 9 16 16
CHAPTER II. MAGNANESE IN SEA WATER AND SUSPENSION Dissolved Manganese Suspended Manganese
25 25 27
CHAPTER III. MANGANESE IN SEA ORGANISMS Phytoplankton Zooplankton Forms of Manganese Occurrence Macrophetes Coelenterata Molluscs Benthic Crustacea Echinodermata Fishes Sea Mammals
34 34 37 37 37 40 40 40 40 40 42
~B~
CHAPTER IV. MANGANESE DEPOSITION FROM OCEANIC WATERS Chemical Deposition Coagulation Sorption Biogenic deposition CHAPTER V. MANGANESE IN MARINE AND OCEANIC SEDIMENTS Concentration and Distribution of Manganese in the Upper Sedimentary Layer Manganese Content and Distribution in Subsurface Sediments Forms of Manganese Occurrence in Sediments
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45 45 50 50 53 58 58 74 75
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER VI. MANGANESE IN PORE WATER OF MARINE AND OCEANIC SEDIMENTS Inland Basins Peripheral Zones of the Ocean Pelagic Zones of the Ocean Metalliferous Sediments General Review of the Data Presented
89 89
PART II. GEOCHEMISTRY OF MANGANESE NODULES CHAPTER VII. MANGANESE NODULES: DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE Distribution of Nodules Morphology of Nodules Internal Structure of Nodules Mineralogy of Nodules
97 97 102 108 112
CHAPTER VIII. MAJOR ORE ELEMENTS OF MANGANESE NODULES Concentration and Distribution of Metals in Nodules from Various Areas of the World Ocean Composition of Manganese Nodules and Oceanic Bottom En
