The immunopathobiology of T cells in stress condition: a review
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MINI REVIEW
The immunopathobiology of T cells in stress condition: a review Mostafa Khedri 1,2 & Azam Samei 1 & Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi 3 & Ramezan Ali Taheri 2 Received: 9 January 2020 / Revised: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 19 March 2020 # Cell Stress Society International 2020
Abstract Several factors impact the immune responses such as the chemical nature of antigens, the physiologic and metabolic condition of the responsive cells, the site of antigen recognition, and neuroendocrine and pharmacological received agents. Incompatibility of host immune responses to the entrapped antigens leads to an immune pathological manner instead of an immune protection which results in the disharmony of the immune effective factors. Besides the fact that stress is one of the most common effective factors in human life, it also contributed to the protection, suppression, and pathology of the immune system. In this review article, the direct and indirect effects of the stress on the function of T cells and the contributed mechanism of action will be discussed. Keywords T cell . Stress . Pathology . CNS
Introduction T cells, as the main component of cellular immunity, are highlighted for participating in defense against cancer and virally infected cells. The in vivo biological roles of T cells in immune responses and immunopathology have been largely elucidated from studies and have led to advancement of T cell-based immunotherapies in human. T cells are discussed in the context of their differentiation, function, and ontogeny. T cells primarily differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the bone marrow (BM) and then migrate to the thymus for selection, maturation, and transfer to the peripheral organs. Mature naïve T cells have the capacity to the response to the specific peptide-loaded MHC (major histocompatibility complex) (Kumar et al. 2018). In the theory of two signals, naïve T cells require two distinct signals for complete activation; the first is provided from the engagement of T cell receptors by peptide-loaded MHC, and the second is delivered from * Ramezan Ali Taheri [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
2
Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Molecular Biology Research Center, System Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
the binding of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells (e.g., CD80 and CD86) to activation receptors on T cells (such as CD28) (Capece et al. 2012). After T cell activation, effector cells differentiate, proliferate, and migrate to sites of inflammation to promote efficient immune responses through direct killing (e.g., CD8+ cytotoxic T cells) or cytokine production (e.g., CD4+ T helper cells) (Kumar et al. 2018). T cells in terms of their cytokine production and cellular function are divided to several subtypes such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 (Dhabhar 2014).
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