The in vitro toxicity evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in human lung cells
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Toxicol Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-020-00062-1
Toxicological Research
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The in vitro toxicity evaluation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) in human lung cells Dorota Sawicka1 · Lidia Zapor1 · Luiza Chojnacka‑Puchta1 · Katarzyna Miranowicz‑Dzierzawska1 Received: 28 January 2020 / Revised: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have been increasingly used in many industrial and biomedical fields. Therefore, the assessment of risk and consequences of exposure to HNTs is very important to better protect human safety. This study aims to investigate the short- (24 or 72 h) and long-term (7 days) cytotoxic effects of HNTs at doses 10–200 µg/mL on human alveolar carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The effect of HNTs on cell viability, apoptosis, cell proliferation, oxidative/antioxidative status and cell morphology was evaluated. Our results showed that cytotoxicity of HNTs is dependent on dose, cell model and time of exposure. During the time of exposition toxic effects were intensified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use holo-tomographic microscopy (HTM) to visualise changes in cell morphology due to exposure from HNTs. We observed cells contraction, changes in the size and shape, cell surface folding and cytoplasmic vacuolization, peripheral arrangement of cell nuclei and even increase number of nucleus, which undoubtedly confirmed cytotoxic effect of HNTs at low doses (5 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL). Our results demonstrated that HTM technique provides a new insight into the assessment of HNTs toxicity. Further studies with different cell models are recommended to assess the toxic effect of HNTs on whole human body. Keywords Cytotoxicity · Halloysite nanotubes · Holo-tomographic microscopy · Lung cells
Introduction Halloysite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O) is two-layered aluminosilicate with a unique hollow tubular structure and high aspect ratio. The size of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) varies within 1–15 µm and 10–150 nm of inner diameter. HNTs occurs naturally, and it is chemically similar to another clay mineral – kaolin [1, 2]. The characteristics feature, such as unique tubular structure, high aspect ratio, nanoscale lumens, cheap and abundant availability make this nanomaterial useful in many applications [3]. HNTs have huge potential in biomedicine, including drug and gene delivery vesicles, tissue engineering, bone implants, ultrasound contrast agents, teeth Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-020-00062-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Dorota Sawicka [email protected] 1
Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00‑701 Warsaw, Poland
fillers, cancer and stem cells isolation and cosmetics [4–8]. Furthermore, it is usually used in the fabrication of highquality ceramic white-ware and for preparing polymer-based
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